Professors Straub (on leave, winter semester and Short Term), Kolb (on leave, 1999-2000), Okrent (on leave, fall semester), Tracy, and Strong, Chair; Visiting Professor Caspi; Associate Professors Allison, Cummiskey, and Bruce; Assistant Professors Stark and Trivedi

Philosophy

Winter 2000 Philosophy Addendum Notes

Philosophy examines our personal and shared beliefs about who we are, where we find ourselves, and what we ought to do. Philosophy demands that we discover and critically reflect on our fundamental beliefs and the presuppositions of our various fields of knowledge. Such discussion has been continuing since the time of the Greeks, yet the subject remains in continual ferment, an interplay of insight and critical reason. The philosophy curriculum emphasizes both the history of thought and contemporary issues. For the beginning student there are courses that survey and others that treat single problems. More advanced courses concentrate on single thinkers or on crucial issues.

Students who choose to major in philosophy are ordinarily expected to complete eleven courses in the field, distributed according to the requirements indicated below. Students arrange their programs individually in consultation with their departmental advisors. In individual cases, students may fulfill some of the requirements with appropriate Short Term units from philosophy or courses from other fields. The philosophy faculty has structured the major to allow students to plan their own program within the constraints of a broad philosophical education. To this end, every course offered by the department, with the exception of the Introduction to Philosophy, can satisfy one or another of the following requirements.

Major Requirements. The requirements for the major are as follows:

1. 195. Introduction to Logic.

2. 271. Greek Philosophy.

3. 272. Philosophy from Descartes to Kant.

4. Ethics and Political Philosophy: the good, the right, and community: one course from among: a) 212. Contemporary Moral Disputes; b) 256. Moral Principles; c) 258. Philosophy of Law.

5. Metaphysics: being, meaning, knowledge: one course from among: a) 211. Philosophy of Science; b) 235. Philosophy of Mind and Language; c) 236. Theory of Knowledge; d) 260. Philosophy of Religion.

6. Metaphilosophy: critical reflections on the tradition: one course from among: a) 241. Philosophy of Art; b) 262. Philosophy and Feminism; c) 273. Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century; d) 274. Phenomenology; e) 275. Existentialism and Deconstruction.

7. Three courses at the 300 level, one of which may be a 360.

8. Senior Thesis: 457 or 458.

   Students are urged to take the courses listed in 1) through 3) as soon as possible after they decide to major in philosophy.

Pass/Fail Grading Option: Pass/fail grading may not be elected for courses applied towards the major. Added 11/5/99. Effective beginning with Winter 2000 semester.

Secondary Concentration. The secondary concentration in philosophy consists of six courses. A coherent program for each student's secondary concentration is designed in accord with program guidelines and in consultation with a member of the philosophy faculty who is chosen or appointed as the student's departmental advisor for the secondary concentration. Among the six courses there should be a) at least one (and preferably two) seminar at the 300 level; and b) at least four courses related in a coherent group. Examples might include a group of courses relevant to philosophical reflections about the student's major field, or a group of courses on ethical and political questions, or a group of courses on a specific historical period. This group of courses should be designated, in consultation with the departmental advisor, before registration for the third course in the group. The secondary concentration may include up to two Short Term units in philosophy.

Pass/Fail Grading Option: Pass/fail grading may be elected for only one course applied towards the secondary concentration. Added 11/5/99. Effective beginning with Winter 2000 semester.

General Education. Any philosophy Short Term unit can be used to satisfy the General Education requirement for the humanities.

Courses

150. Introduction to Philosophy. This course introduces students to philosophy and philosophical reasoning by examining some of the fundamental philosophical problems of human existence. Among these are the problem of doubt and uncertainty as an aspect of human knowledge; the justification and importance of religious belief; and the nature of mind, matter, and freedom. An attempt is made to establish a balance between philosophy as a vigorous and professional discipline and philosophy as a personally useful method for exploring one's own reasoning and beliefs. Readings include both historical and contemporary works. Enrollment limited to 30 per section. D. Cummiskey.

195. Introduction to Logic. An investigation of the nature of valid reasoning, coupled with training in the skills of critical thinking. Close attention is paid to the analysis of ordinary arguments. Enrollment limited to 40 per section. S. Trivedi.

211. Philosophy of Science. Science has become our model for what counts as knowledge; the course examines that model and discusses how far its claims are justified in the light of the nature and history of science. Topics for consideration are drawn from the nature of scientific explanation, scientific rationality, progress in science, the nature of scientific theories, and the relations of science to society and to other views of the world. Readings include traditional, contemporary, and feminist work in philosophy of science. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 30. M. Okrent.

212. Contemporary Moral Disputes. The course focuses on particular moral issues and the ethical arguments provoked by them. Topics discussed in the course may include, among others, abortion and euthanasia, war and nuclear arms, world hunger, and use of natural resources. This course is the same as Religion 212. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 30 per section. S. Stark.

214. Ethics and Environmental Issues. A study of selected issues in environmental ethics, including questions about population growth, resource consumption, pollution, the responsibilities of corporations, environmental justice, animal rights, biodiversity, and moral concern for the natural world. The course explores debates currently taking place among environmental thinkers regarding our moral obligations to other persons, to future generations, to other animals, and to ecosystems and the earth itself. This course may substitute for Religion 215 in the Environmental Studies major requirements. Not open to students who have received credit for Religion 215. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 30 per section. This course is the same as Environmental Studies 214. T. Tracy.

235. Philosophy of Mind and Language. An inquiry into the nature of human mentality that pays special attention to the issues raised by the phenomenon of language and the relation between thought and language. Is mind distinct from body? If not, are mental states identical with brain states, or does the mind relate to the brain as programs relate to computer hardware? What makes linguistic expressions meaningful? What do people know when they know a language? What is the connection between thought and language? Readings from historical and contemporary sources. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 40. Not open to students who have received credit for Philosophy 225. M. Okrent.

236. Theory of Knowledge. Is knowledge possible, and if so, how? The course investigates how we can know the ordinary things we take ourselves to know. Students are introduced to major philosophical theories concerning when our thoughts about ourselves and the world are rationally justified. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 30. D. Cummiskey.

241. Philosophy of Art. An introduction to the major problems of the philosophy of art including discussion of attempts to define art, problems concerning the interpretation of individual works of art, and recent theories of modern and postmodern art. This course is the same as Art 226. Open to first-year students. S. Trivedi.

256. Moral Principles. An introduction to moral philosophy. Topics include: Is there a difference between right and wrong? Is it merely a matter of custom, convention, preference, or opinion, or is there some other basis for this distinction, something that makes it "objective" rather than "subjective"? How can I tell, in particular cases and in general, what is right and what is wrong? Is there some moral principle or method for deciding particular moral problems? Philosophers discussed include Aristotle, Hobbes, Hume, Kant, and Mill. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 30 per section. D. Cummiskey.

258. Philosophy of Law. An introduction to legal theory. Central questions include: What is law? What is the relationship of law to morality? What is the nature of judicial reasoning? Particular legal issues include the nature and status of liberty rights (the right to privacy including contraception, abortion, and homosexuality, and the right to die), the legitimacy of restrictions on speech and expression (flag burning and racist hate speech), and the nature of equality rights (race and gender). Readings include traditional, contemporary, and feminist legal theory; case studies; and court decisions. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 30. D. Cummiskey.

260. Philosophy of Religion. A consideration of major issues that arise in philosophical reflection upon religion. Particular issues are selected from among such topics as the nature of faith, the possibility of justifying religious beliefs, the nature and validity of religious experience, the relation of religion and science, and the problem of evil. May be taken for major credit by majors in philosophy or in religion. This course is the same as Religion 260. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 30. T. Tracy.

262. Philosophy and Feminism. To what extent, and in what sense, are the methods and concepts of traditional Western philosophy "male"? What implications might the answer to this question have for feminist philosophical thinking? This course examines the suggestion that many philosophical conceptions of knowledge, reality, autonomy, mind, and the self express a typically or characteristically male point of view. Students examine the contributions that women are making to philosophy, as well as the contributions that philosophy makes to feminism. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 30. S. Stark.

270. Medieval Philosophy. A survey of the basic ideas of thinkers such as Aquinas and Okham, and other medieval philosopher-theologians, together with discussion of their links to earlier philosophy, the Jewish and Islamic influences on their thought, and their relation to current philosophical issues and positions. Prerequisite(s): one course in philosophy or classical and medieval studies. D. Kolb.

271. Greek Philosophy. A study of the basic philosophical ideas underlying Western thought as these are expressed in the writings of Plato and Aristotle. Greek thought is discussed in its historical and social context, with indications of how important Greek ideas were developed in later centuries. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 30. S. Stark.

272. Philosophy from Descartes to Kant. The problems of knowledge, reality, and morality are discussed as they developed from the time of the scientific revolution and the birth of modern philosophy until their culmination in Kant. The course considers thinkers from among the classic rationalists (Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz) and empiricists (Locke, Berkeley, Hume) as well as Kant. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 30. S. Trivedi.

273. Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century. The course follows the development of modern thought from Kant, through the rise and breakup of Hegelianism, to the culmination of nineteenth-century thought in Nietzsche. The impact of science, the relation of the individual and society, and the role of reflection in experience are examined in readings drawn from among Kant, Hegel, Schopenhauer, Feuerbach, Marx, Mill, Nietzsche, Kierkegaard. Recommended background: two courses in philosophy or Philosophy 272. Open to first-year students. D. Kolb.

274. Phenomenology. A survey of several of the dominant themes in twentieth-century phenomenology. The course is designed to familiarize students with this area through the study of some of the works of Husserl and Heidegger, among others. Prerequisite(s): one course in philosophy. M. Okrent.

275. Existentialism and Deconstruction. A survey of major themes and writers in the traditions of existentialism and deconstruction. Readings may include thinkers such as Kierkegaard, Sartre, Camus, Deleuze, Derrida, and Merleau-Ponty. Recommended background: at least one course in the history of philosophy. D. Kolb.

276. Eastern Philosophy. This course is a broad critical and comparative survey of the roots of schools of thought that originated in India and China. Using both original and secondary sources, it covers views such as Confucianism, Taoism, Hinduism and Buddhism, and also some lesser-known views such as Mohism, Legalism, Jainism and so on. Prerequisite(s): a least one course in philosophy or religion or asian studies. S. Trivedi

321. Seminar: Topics in the Contemporary Philosophy of Mind and Language. An examination of recent discussions of topics concerning language, intentionality, and what it is to be a person. Topics vary from year to year.

321A. Evolution, Teleology, and Mind. Recently several philosophers, including Ruth Millikan and Daniel Dennett, have articulated "evolutionary" accounts of meaning. This seminar undertakes an evaluation of Millikan's and Dennett's proposals. In order to assess these accounts it is necessary to understand the logic of both teleological and evolutionary explanations. The seminar achieves such an understanding by looking at the work of both philosophers and biologists. Readings are taken from the work of Millikan, Dennett, Richard Dawkins, Stephen Jay Gould, Larry Wright, Elliot Sober, and Robert Cummins. Recommended background: Philosophy 235. Enrollment limited to 15. M. Okrent.

322. Seminar: Topics in Contemporary European Philosophy. An examination of recent developments in Continental philosophy.

322A. Contemporary Debates about Subjectivity. Discussion of issues that have been raised about the nature of selfhood and subjectivity in recent debates in phenomenology, deconstruction, and critical theory. Authors considered may include Heidegger, Deleuze, Derrida, Foucault, Habermas, Rorty, and Taylor. Prerequisite(s): two courses in philosophy. Enrollment limited to 15. D. Kolb.

323. Seminar: Topics in Metaphysics and Epistemology. This course focuses on advanced issues in the theory of knowledge and in the theory of ultimate reality. Staff.

324. Seminar: Topics in Ethics. This course focuses on important issues in ethics and political theory.

324A. Kantian Ethics. This seminar uses Kant's moral theory as a vehicle to explore some of the central questions and assumptions of Western moral theory. Kantian ethics is typically contrasted with the moral theory of David Hume and its heirs, the utilitarians. Central to this contrast between Kantians and Humeans is an emphasis on the dualisms of reason and passion, duty and sentiment, principle and sympathy, autonomy and heteronomy, right acts and good consequences. In each case, Kant is identified with the first and Hume with the second of the pairs. On the other hand, recent interpretations of Kant's ethics by Marcia Baron, Barbara Herman, Thomas Hill, Christine Korsgaard, and Onora O'Neill present a more unified, and perhaps more compelling, picture of Kantian ethics. This seminar focuses on these new interpretations of Kantian moral theory. Prerequisite(s): one of the following: Philosophy 212, 256, 257, or 258. D. Cummiskey.

324B. Consequentialism and Its Critics. Consequentialism is the view that the morally right act is whatever act produces the most good. The appeal of such a view is obvious: it provides a clear way of judging between moral claims, and it generally requires acts that benefit society. Critics complain that consequentialists can manipulate and even kill individuals to achieve their ends, and may also destroy themselves in the process of promoting the good. This course looks at this contemporary debate and the truth about what we ought morally to do. Prerequisites: Philosophy 256 or 212. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 12. D. Cummiskey.

324C. Liberty and Equality. Liberty and equality are the central values of contemporary political philosophy. These values, however, inevitably seem to conflict. Unlimited freedom leads to inequality, and remedies to inequality restrict liberty. This seminar focuses on competing accounts of the proper balance of liberty and communitarian political theories, and the issues of economic class, racial injustice, gender difference, and the basic liberties, rights, and responsibilities of citizenship. Enrollment limited to 15. D. Cummiskey.

324D. Luck and the Moral Life. Our lives are deeply subject to the impress of luck. Most human needs are subject to fate, yet are necessary not only to a good life but to a morally virtuous life as well. This course explores the relationship between luck and morality. Students begin with the metaphysical problem of free will and then explore the different roles that luck plays in the ethics of Kant and Aristotle. They also consider issues in moral psychology. Ultimately the course raises two questions: What role does luck play in moral virtue? What role does it play in human happiness? Prerequisite(s): one of the following: Philosophy 256, 271, 324A, 324B, 324C or 325. Enrollment is limited to 15. S. Stark.

325. Seminar in Meta-Ethics. This course examines contemporary theories on the meaning of moral language, the possibility of moral knowledge, the existence of moral facts, the nature of moral arguments, and the relationship between morality and rationality. Philosophers typically discussed include Moore, Ayer, Stevenson, Hare, Foot, and Mackie. Some background in moral or political theory is recommended. Written permission of the instructor is required. Staff.

340. Feminist and Postmodern Critiques of Rationality. A study of current debates about the place of rationality and critical thought in life and history. These critiques reach into areas of rationality, rights, subjectivity, and normative judgement. Some see these critiques as a sign and perhaps a cause of a general decay of Western civilization. Others see them as the beginning of a new kind of liberation. This seminar includes readings from some classical philosophical systems, and from feminist and postmodern criticisms of systematic rationality. Readings include postmodern and feminist essays in the deconstructive and pragmatic traditions. Enrollment is limited to 15. Prerequisite(s): two courses in philosophy, political theory or women's studies. D. Kolb. First offered Fall 2000.

350. Seminar on Major Thinkers. The course examines in depth the writings of a major philosopher. Thinkers who may be discussed include Plato, Aristotle, Plotinus, Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, Hume, Marx, Wittgenstein, and Quine.

350A. Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit. A reading of Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit. In one of the most original and difficult works of philosophy, Hegel developed significant insights about the theory of knowledge and reason and about the interactions of persons and communities. Recommended background: two courses in philosophy or political theory. Written permission of the instructor is required. D. Kolb.

351. Kant. This course is an intensive study of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. Interpretations by contemporary critics are considered. Prerequisite(s): Philosophy 272. M. Okrent.

360. Independent Study. Directed readings on individual philosophers, problems of philosophy, or a philosophic movement. Permission of the department is required. Students are limited to one independent study per semester. Staff.

365. Special Topics. A course or seminar offered from time to time and reserved for a special topic selected by the department.

457, 458. Senior Thesis. Students register for Philosophy 457 in the fall semester and for Philosophy 458 in the winter semester. Majors writing an honors thesis register for both Philosophy 457 and 458. Staff.

Short Term Units

s18. The De/Op Pressed Muse: Creating and Reading Images. This unit combines visual art and feminist philosophy. The students read and analyze contemporary visual texts and, in the studio, will develop images using alternative printmaking and artists' bookbinding techniques. Topics may include: $Body, the manufacture of desire, construction/enforcement of gender, the Museum of Bad Art, commodity CULTure, pornography, power, and true-lies. Some of the questions the unit raises include: How do you create desire? How do you sell an idea, rather than a product? What norms and assumptions shape visual propaganda, including advertisements and political campaigns? Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 18. This unit is the same as Art s18. P. Johnson, S. Stark.

s19. The Concepts of Race and Gender. Many societies classify persons in terms of their gender and their race. How these classifications are made and who belongs to which class have enormous consequences for the people classified. But the basis for these classifications is anything but clear. Are someone's race and gender social facts about a person, or are they biological facts? How are determinations rooted in the biology of a group different from determinations based on social relations within that group? In what sense are social facts "objective"? This unit focuses on these questions. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 20. M. Okrent.

s20. Philosophy and Science Fiction. This unit looks at some central philosophical problems as they arise in science fiction short stories and film. Questions addressed include: Is time travel possible? Could we build a conscious machine? Might there be intelligent species outside our solar system? If so, what are our ethical obligations, if any, toward them? The emphasis is on how answers to these questions shed light on traditional philosophical problems about the nature of time, consciousness, persons, and morality. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 30. Staff.

s21. Philosophical Classics. This unit offers an experience of intense close reading of a classic major philosophical text. The book chosen varies from year to year. Members of the unit work through the text line by line, trying to understand the work, while continuing discussions of the issues and methods involved.

s21A. Philosophical Classics: Aristotle. This unit offers an experience of intense close reading of a classic major philosophical text. The book chosen varies from year to year. Members of the unit work through the text line by line, trying to understand the work, while continuing discussions of the issues and methods involved. The unit focuses on the central books of Aristotle's Metaphysics. Recommended background: Philosophy 271. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 15. Written permission of the instructor is required. M. Okrent.

s23. Environmental Ethics. This unit uses readings, seminar discussions, and field trips to examine and evaluate environmental issues. Consideration is given to the idea of expanding the moral universe to include forests, oceans, other species. The class may travel to different locales in Maine to look at specific environmental situations. Internships also may be arranged for more extended study in the field. This unit is the same as Religion s23. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 12. Written permission of the instructor is required. C. Straub.

s25. Free Will and Moral Responsibility. This unit uses contemporary and historical readings, student papers, and classroom discussion to explore the nature of the human will and the preconditions of moral responsibility. Students are required to do a significant amount of independent research, reflection, and writing. Enrollment limited to 15. Staff.

s26. Biomedical Ethics. We are all aware of the remarkable accomplishments of modern medicine. During the past forty years, the rapid changes in the biological sciences and medical technology have thoroughly transformed the practice of medicine. The added complexity and power of medicine has in turn revolutionized the responsibilities and duties that accompany the medical professions. This unit explores the values and norms governing medical practice; the rights and responsibilities of health-care providers and patients; the justification for euthanasia; and the problems of access, allocation, and rationing of health-care services. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 12. D. Cummiskey.

s27. Hyperwriting. The computer makes possible new types of nonlinear writing that need not follow the standard forms of fiction or of academic discourse. What will their new forms be, and will they have their own ways of being both creative and self-critical? This unit offers a chance to experiment in the creation of new forms by writing hypertexts together, using Storyspace and Mosaic. There are both individual and group projects, with peer review and critique sessions each week. Enrollment limited to 15. D. Kolb.

s28. Architecture, Tradition, and Innovation. This unit studies issues of building and planning in our (post)modern world. Students read texts from philosophy and architecture while working on a series of projects in design and planning. Enrollment limited to 20. Written permission of the instructor is required. D. Kolb.

s29. The Nature and Limits of Explanation. The unit uses Hume's Dialogues concerning Natural Religion to initiate consideration of the nature and limits of explanation. The course introduces issues regarding categories of explanation, scientific and nonscientific models, the limits of reason, and the relation of explanation to objectivity and to epistemological theories. Causal and teleological explanations, the nature of evidence, and the justification of induction are emphasized. Interpretations and reasons for action and the place of explanation in the social sciences are also discussed. Enrollment limited to 25. D. Harward.

s35. Philosophy of Music. This unit examines philosophical issues pertaining to music, such as the concept of music, the ontology of musical works, musical meaning and understanding, musical expressiveness, musical evaluation, and the aesthetics of jazz and rock. Readings are drawn from recent philosophical writing on music, both classical and popular. Students with an interest or background in music theory or composition are especially encouraged to enroll. Prerequisite(s): at least one course in philosophy or music. Open to first-year students. This unit is the same as Music s35. S. Trivedi.

s50. Individual Research. Registration in this unit is granted by the department only after the student has submitted a written proposal for a full-time research project to be completed during the Short Term and has secured the sponsorship of a member of the department to direct the study and evaluate results. Students are limited to one individual research unit. Staff.

Religion

Winter 2000 Religion Addendum Notes

The study of religion is a humanistic discipline that focuses on religion as one important element in culture. Historical, literary, anthropological, and theological methods of study offer a critical approach to understanding religion and its expressions in myths, symbols, and ideas, as well as in religious communities, rituals, and moral actions.

Because this study often considers fundamental human questions that are asked by every generation, it is closely linked with other academic disciplines that study the nature and character of human life.

Majoring in the field of religion provides a focus for integrated study in the humanities. Majors are expected to consult with members of the department in designing their program. The study of religion often embraces work in other fields, and majors are encouraged to coordinate courses in other fields with their work in religion.

The religion major consists of eleven courses (twelve for honors candidates), one of which must be taken in another academic program. These courses must include:

1. Two courses in theoretical and comparative studies of religion. The courses that satisfy this requirement are: any 100-level religion course, 200, 222, 260, 261, 262.

2. Two two-course sequences (four courses total). Each sequence must be drawn from a different area below and may consist of any pair of courses listed for that area. Note: courses need not be taken in the order in which they are listed.

   Area A (Ancient Near Eastern and Mediterranean Religions): 225-236, 235-236, 235-238, 236-241, 235-264, 264-214, 235-214, 235-210, 235-213.

   Area B (Medieval, Modern Western, and American Religions): 238-258, 241-245, 241-242, 242-245, 242-243, 243-260, 217-247, 200-258, 264-214.

   Area C (South and East Asian Religions): 249-250, 208-209, 250-208, 250-209, 250-263.

3. A 300-level seminar associated with one of the two sequences.

   Area A: 303A.

   Area B: 365A, 303A.

   Area C: 308, 309.

4. A course from outside the religion curriculum that is associated with one of the two two-course sequences, and that must be approved by the student's advisor. Courses cross-listed with religion (e.g., in anthropology or philosophy) may be used to satisfy this requirement. This requirement may also be met through two semesters of a relevant foreign language at the college level.

5. Religion 450, the senior research seminar.

6. Thesis (Religion 457) or honors thesis (Religion 457 and 458).

   Pass/Fail Grading Option: Pass/fail grading may not be elected for courses applied towards the major. Added 11/5/99. Effective beginning with Winter 2000 semester.

Courses

100. Religion and Film. This course introduces students to cinematic representations of religion in feature and documentary films. Films about religion are cultural documents in and through which individual artists, religious and non-religious groups, and nations symbolically construct their conceptions of themselves and the world. They are also the occasion for political, social, and cultural debates about ethnic and national identities. This course adopts a cultural studies approach to the study of films about religion and invites students to investigate the public debate and interdisciplinary questions and issues raised by the release of films such as Jesus of Montreal (Canada), The Last Temptation of Christ (the United States), The Mahabharata (England and India), Shoah (France), and The Color Purple (the United States). Enrollment limited to 40 per section. M. Bruce.

110. Death and Afterlife: Bodies and Souls in Comparative Perspective. An introduction to the comparative study of religion centering around the ways in which various traditions have addressed a basic question: What happens to humans when they die? Primary attention is given to the answers of at least three of the following religions: Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Chinese and Japanese religions. Ways of studying these answers in their many dimensions (ritual, doctrinal, mythological, sociological, psychological) are introduced; and topics such as notions of heaven and hell, reincarnation, relics, burial patterns, ghosts, visionary journeys to the other world, quests for immortality, near-death experiences, and resurrections are addressed. J. Strong.

115. Sacred Space: Religion and the Sense of Place. An introductory study to the ways religious traditions help define and develop a sense of place, lending significance to landscapes and cityscapes alike. Particular attention is given to understanding the nature of religion as a phenomenon that takes place, and continues to take place, in all cultures and historical periods. C. Straub.

124. Religion and Life Stories. An introduction to Western religious thought through autobiographical writings. Topics explored include the nature and functions of religion, the formation and questioning of religious beliefs, religious conceptions of good and evil, and the links between religion and social-political action. Readings are drawn from figures such as Augustine, Joyce Hollyday, Malcolm X, Rigoberta Menchu, and Elie Wiesel. Enrollment limited to 40. T. Tracy.

200. Women's Journey: Still Waters Run Deep. Women in biblical literature, post-biblical literature, and in the oral literature of the Middle East are not silent bystanders. They actively define the world around them and pursue their own relationship with the divine, their environment, and the search for perfection. This course is the same as Women's Studies 200. Open to first-year students. M. Caspi.

208. Religions of East Asia: China. A study of the various religious traditions of China in their independence and interaction. The focus of the course is on the history, doctrines, and practices of Taoism, Confucianism, and various schools of Mahayana Buddhism. Readings include basic texts and secondary sources. Open to first-year students. J. Strong.

209. Religions of East Asia: Japan. A study of the various religious traditions of Japan in their independence and interaction. The focus of the course is on the doctrines and practices of Shinto, folk religion, and various schools of Buddhism. These are considered in the context of Japanese history and culture and set against their Korean and Chinese backgrounds. Open to first-year students. J. Strong.

210. The Binding of Isaac: Three Traditions. The story of Abraham and Isaac is a paradigmatic story of faith in three traditions. In the biblical narrative, Isaac (Jesus, Ishmael) does not speak upon the altar, nor does he cry out. Is it possible that he would not say a word? Still, he became the focus of a dialogic connection between God and the individual. As a reborn object of the transformative sacrifice, he became the crux (Jesus, the second Isaac) around which the world unfolded. Prerequisite(s): one course in religion. Open to first-year students. M. Caspi.

212. Contemporary Moral Disputes. The course focuses on particular moral issues and the ethical arguments provoked by them. Topics discussed in the course may include, among others, abortion and euthanasia, war and nuclear arms, world hunger and use of natural resources. This course is the same as Philosophy 212. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 30 per section. S. Stark.

213. From Law to Mysticism. The literary works of Jewish sages were largely formed under the impact of catastrophe. This course surveys how social, religious, and political events shaped Jewish writings, beginning with the post-biblical works of the Chariot in the first century B.C.E. and C.E., through the Qabbala (Jewish mysticism) in thirteenth-century Spain, to the Hassidic movement in eighteenth-century Eastern Europe. This course includes readings from the Book of Formation, the Zohar, and stories of Hassidic masters, as well as interpretive texts. Open to first-year students. M. Caspi.

214. Bible and Quran. Judaism and Islam are each presented by a religious text that is considered the "word of God." This course explores the "divinity" of the texts vis-à-vis their "secular" aspects. Special attention is given to a comparative literary examination of selected stories in each text (e.g., the story of Joseph, Elijah, Queen of Sheba), and to an analysis of the sociopolitical features of these major religious texts. Open to first-year students. M. Caspi.

215. Environmental Ethics. Values are important influences on the ways human communities relate to ecological communities, and hence on the character of the interaction between persons and their natural worlds. The course examines a range of environmental issues as moral problems requiring ethical reflection. This ethical reflection takes into account both the cultural and religious contexts that have given rise to what is understood as a technological dominion over nature, and the cultural resources still remaining that may provide clues on how to live in friendship with the earth. Recommended background: one course in philosophy or religion. Open to first-year students. C. Straub.

217. Religion in the American Experience. The course seeks to understand the importance of religion in the evolution of a sense of national identity and of national destiny for the United States. Consideration is given to the importance of religious traditions both in the development and sanctioning of national mythologies, and in the critique or criticism of these mythologies. The historical background of such considerations begins with Native American religions. The course concludes with a study of "religious freedom" in a multicultural nation again uncertain of its grounds for unity. Open to first-year students. C. Straub.

222. Myths and Their Meaning. Specific examples of myths drawn from a variety of religious traditions (ancient Greece, the ancient Near East, India, and nonliterate societies) are examined in the light of classic and contemporary theories about myth. What role do myths play? What do they mean? How do they reflect and relate to other forms of religious expression? These questions are among those addressed from a variety of perspectives. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 50. J. Strong.

225. Gods, Heroes, Magic, and Mysteries: Religion in Ancient Greece. An anthropological and historical approach to ancient Greek religion in which archeological, literary, and art-historical sources are examined and compared with evidence from other cultures to gain an understanding of the role of religion in ancient Greek culture and of changing concepts of the relation between man and the sacred. Topics explored include pre-Homeric and Homeric religion and religious thought, cosmology, mystery cults, civil religion, and manifestations of the irrational, such as dreams, ecstasy, shamanism, and magic. This course is the same as Anthropology 225. Open to first-year students. R. Allison, L. Danforth.

228. Caring for Creation: Physics, Religion, and the Environment. This course considers scientific and religious accounts of the origin of the universe, examines the relations between these accounts, and explores the way they shape our deepest attitudes toward the natural world. Topics of discussion include the biblical creation stories, contemporary scientific cosmology, the interplay between these scientific and religious ideas, and the roles they both can play in forming a response to environmental problems. This course is the same as Environmental Studies 228 and Physics 228. Enrollment limited to 40. T. Tracy, J. Smedley.

230. Religion in Literature. The most fruitful approach to the meeting of religion and literature is not simply to examine literature for its explicitly religious content, but to discover how literature expresses what it means to be human (or inhuman). The course examines religious metaphors, images, and similes as they appear in literature, which search for wholistic meanings and human values. Open to first-year students. M. Caspi.

235. Ancient Israel: History, Religion, and Literature. Introduction to the Hebrew Bible (in English translation) with readings in related ancient literature. This course traces the history of ancient Israel from its pre-history in the Bronze Age (the time of the Patriarchs) through to the fall of Jerusalem to the Babylonian Empire (the end of the First Temple Period). Major topics of study include the evolution of Israelite religious ideas and practices and the various literary traditions represented in the Hebrew Bible (especially the prophetic, priestly, and wisdom traditions) and such topics as biblical mythology, nationhood, women in ancient Israel, internal politics, and international relations with the ancient Near Eastern centers of civilization. Open to first-year students. R. Allison.

236. Introduction to the New Testament. Readings in the New Testament and related Greek and early Christian literature. Studies of the Gospels include investigation into the nature of the early Jesus movement and Jesus' place in the Judaism of his day, the interpretation of Jesus' teaching in the context of Roman-occupied Palestine, and the growth of the Jesus tradition in the early Church. Topics such as the diversity of ideas about salvation, influence of Greco-Roman religious thought, the place of women in the early Church, the break between Christianity and Judaism, and the formation of the early Church in its first century are covered in study of the New Testament epistles (emphasis on the apostle Paul's epistles) and the Book of Revelation. Open to first-year students. R. Allison.

238. Early Jewish History and Thought. Introduction to the later books of the Hebrew Bible and to the literature, religion, and history of Judaism from the Persian Period through the Second Temple Period and the beginnings of the Roman occupation of Palestine. Major topics of study include the formation of Judaism, concepts of nationhood and the Diaspora, the origins of anti-Semitism, Hellenized Judaism, and Jewish apocalyptic. Readings include the later biblical books, selected writings from wisdom and apocalyptic works from the Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha and from the Dead Sea Scrolls, Jewish historian Josephus, Philo of Alexandria, and selected early rabbinical writings. Open to first-year students. R. Allison.

241. History of Christian Thought I: Conflict, Self-Definition, and Dominance. This course is a study of the convictions, controversies, and conflicts by which an egalitarian Jewish revitalization movement in Palestine became a worldwide religion. Students follow Christianity's development from martyrdom and persecution to a state-sponsored religion of the Roman Empire, from internal heresy and schism to the "One Great Holy and Apostolic Catholic Church." Special attention is given to regional diversity and the changing place of women in the church. Open to first-year students. R. Allison.

242. History of Christian Thought II: The Emergence of Modernity. A study of the development of Christian thought from the fall of the Roman Empire to the beginnings of the modern era. The history of religious ideas in the West is considered in its social and political context. Readings include selections from Augustine, Gregory the Great, Anselm, Hildegard von Bingen, Aquinas, Luther, and Calvin. Open to first-year students. T. Tracy.

243. Christianity and Its Modern Critics. A study of some encounters between Christian traditions and modern culture, as they have developed since the Enlightenment. Attention is given to significant critiques of religion that have helped define the context for understanding religious meaning in a post-Christian culture. Readings are drawn from critics such as Kant, Hume, Schleiermacher, Kierkegaard, Feuerbach, Marx, Nietzsche, and Freud. Open to first-year students. C. Straub.

245. Monks, Nuns, Hermits, and Demons: Ascetic and Monastic Christianity. The history of Christian monasticism from the hermits of the Egyptian and Palestinian deserts to the monastic orders of the Western Middle Ages, to Eastern Orthodox Palamism, and to modern monastic revivals. Topics include monastic demonology; hermit sages and wonderworkers; ascetical mysticism; virgins, widows, and the escape from sexual suppression; pilgrimage and the cult of relics; and the rise of monastic orders. Includes a field trip to a New England monastery. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 14. R. Allison.

246. Biblical Narrative. Biblical narratives present various stories where we find fear, loss of love, death, and anxiety, all of which are part of the human condition. These aspects are examined through the narratives of Creation, and the stories of Joseph, Moses, Samson, Jonah, and Job. Not open to students who have received credit for Religion 303B. M. Caspi.

247. City upon the Hill. From John Winthrop to Pat Robertson, Americans have tended to view themselves as a chosen people, a righteous empire, and a city upon a hill. The course examines this religious view of America and its role in shaping American ideas regarding politics, education, work, women, ethnic groups, and other countries. Assigned readings include works by Edmund Morgan, Sacvan Bercovitch, R.W.B. Lewis, and William Clebsch. Prerequisite(s): one course in religion. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 40. M. Bruce.

248. Religion and Sacred Texts. This course has two major goals. The first is to understand the nature and role of "sacred texts" in the three monotheistic traditions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam). The second is to evoke the wonderful variety of their teachings and to engage the spiritual world they present. Readings are drawn from the Hebrew Bible, New Testament, Quran, Dead Sea Scrolls, Midrash, Fathers of the Church, and Qisas. Open to first-year students. M. Caspi.

249. Religions of India: The Hindu Tradition. An examination, through the use of primary and secondary texts, of the various traditions of Hinduism, with some consideration of their relation to Jainism and Indian Buddhism. Special attention is paid to the Vedas, Upanishads, and Bhagavad-Gita, as well as to the classical myths of Hinduism embodied in the Puranas. Open to first-year students. J. Strong.

250. The Buddhist Tradition. The course focuses on the Buddha's life and teachings; on early Buddhism in India and the rise of various Buddhist schools of thought; on the development of Mahayana philosophies; on rituals, meditation, and other forms of expression in India and Southeast Asia. Open to first-year students. J. Strong.

251. Religions of Tibet. Tibetan religions are a complex mixture of Indian, Chinese, and indigenous elements. This course focuses on the history, doctrines, practices, literatures, major personalities, and communities of the different religious traditions that are expressions of this mixture, including the rNying ma, bKa' brgyud, Sa skya and dGe lugs sects of Buddhism as well as the Bön and "folk" traditions. Not open to students who have received credit for Religion 307. J. Strong.

255. African American Religious Tradition. This course examines the origins, historical development, and diversity of African American religious traditions from the colonial era to the present. Throughout American history, African Americans have used religion not only as a means of expressing complex views of themselves and their world, but also as a form of cultural critique, social reform, economic independence, and political activism. Among the movements and topics discussed are African and Caribbean religious influences, slave religion, the rise of African American denominations, the Nation of Islam, the importance of spirituals and gospel music, Afrocentricity, and the civil rights movements. Given the complex nature of African American religious experience, this course adopts an interdisciplinary approach and draws upon scholarship on religion in sociology, political science, history, art, literature, and music. Prerequisite: Religion 100. Enrollment limited to 40. M. Bruce.

258. From Shoah to Shoah: Judaism in the Modern World. This course explores issues and thinkers in modern Judaism. Topics vary from year to year, and may include one or more of the following: twentieth-century European and American Jewish experience, the varieties of modern Judaism, religion and politics in contemporary Jewish thought, gender issues in Judaism, and interreligious relations with Islam or Christianity. Open to first-year students. M. Caspi.

260. Philosophy of Religion. A consideration of major issues that arise in philosophical reflection upon religion. Particular issues are selected from among such topics as the nature of faith, the possibility of justifying religious beliefs, the nature and validity of religious experience, the functions of religious language, the relation of religion and science, and the problem of evil. May be taken for major credit by majors in philosophy. This course is the same as Philosophy 260. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 30. T. Tracy.

261. Myth, Folklore, and Popular Culture. A variety of texts, including ancient Greek myths, Grimms' folktales, Apache jokes, African proverbs, Barbie dolls, and Walt Disney comics and movies, examined in light of important theoretical approaches employed by anthropologists interested in understanding the role of such expressive forms in cultures throughout the world. Major emphasis is placed on psychoanalytic, Marxist, structuralist, and cultural studies approaches. This course is the same as Anthropology 234. Open to first-year students. L. Danforth.

262. Anthropological Approaches to the Study of Religion. As human societies change, so do the religious beliefs and practices these societies follow. The course examines the symbolic forms and acts that relate human beings to the ultimate conditions of their existence, against the background of the rise of science. Emphasis is upon both Western and non-Western religions. This course is the same as Anthropology 241 and Sociology 241. Open to first-year students. S. Kemper.

263. Buddhism and the Social Order. The West looks upon Buddhism as an otherworldly religion with little interest in activity in this world. Such has not been the case historically. The Dhamma (Buddhist doctrine) has two wheels, one of righteousness and one of power, one for the other world and one for this world. Lectures and discussions use this paradigm to consider the several accommodations Buddhism has struck with the realities of power in various Theravada Buddhist societies in ancient India, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia. This course is the same as Anthropology 244. Open to first-year students. S. Kemper.

264. The Islamic Tradition. An introduction to the history and the classical forms of Islam with special attention to the Shi'ah and the Sunnis. In addition to introducing the Quran, the course explores basic teachings of Islam in their historical and social contexts, and covers such subjects as the life and teachings of the Prophet, the Khalifahs and the expansion of Islam, Islamic theology and law, Islamic worship and ritual, and Islamic mysticism. Open to first-year students. M. Caspi.

301. Seminar in Religion and Culture. A consideration of religious experience and of the consequent creation of religious symbols. Historical and theoretical study aims for an appreciation of the cultural forms of religious meaning. Written permission of the instructor is required. C. Straub.

303. Seminar in Biblical Criticism. Each year the seminar focuses upon a particular subject in biblical studies, employing the techniques of textual, historical, and form criticism and exegesis for the purpose of developing sound hermeneutical conclusions.

303A. Tolerance and Intolerance in the Bible and Ancient Near Eastern and Mediterranean Cultures. This seminar, a comparative study of the phenomenon of religious tolerance and intolerance, begins with the Hebrew Bible and contemporary literature of the ancient Near East. The middle third of the semester is devoted to relations among ancient Greco-Roman paganism, Judaism, and Christianity, including the policies of Alexander the Great and his successors and the early Roman Empire. The semester concludes by turning to questions of tolerance and intolerance in the Middle Ages among the religions of the Book - Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Prerequisite(s): one of the following: Religion 235, 236, or 238. R. Allison.

303C. Apocalypse. From the perspective of a new millennium, this seminar looks back at 2,000 years of Christian apocalypses and books of revelation to gain an understanding of how this kind of thinking originated and developed. The seminar focuses on apocalypse as a genre and on the major themes, images, and symbol systems of Judeo-Christian apocalyptic imagination. Readings include a wide range of Jewish and Christian books of revelation and personal accounts of journeys out of the body to heavens and hells. These texts are from the Bible, the Dead Sea Scrolls, and Jewish and Christian Apocrypha ("hidden books"). Prerequisite(s): one of the following: Religion 100, 235, 236 or 238. Enrollment is limited to 15. R. Allison.

306A. William James, Pragmatism, and American Culture. This course introduces students to the work of William James and explores, first, how his work developed new and radical definitions of human experience and reality; second, the extent of which his thought was representative of the rapidly changing culture and society of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century America; third, how his work influenced and anticipated the work of a whole new generation of thinkers such as W.E.B. Du Bois, Gertrude Stein, Walter Lippmann, and Horace Kallen, each of whom used James's pragmatism to address pressing social, political, and cultural problems of twentieth-century America. Prerequisite(s): Religion 100. Enrollment is limited to 15. M. Bruce. Subject to adoption by the Faculty.

308. Buddhist Texts in Translation. This seminar involves the close reading and discussion of a number of texts representing a variety of Buddhist traditions. Emphasis is placed on several different genres including canonical sutras, commentarial exegeses, philosophical treatises, and popular legends. Prerequisite(s): Religion 250 or Anthropology 244/Religion 263. J. Strong.

309. Buddhism in East Asia. This seminar focuses on the teachings, traditions, and contemplative practices of a number of East Asian schools of Buddhism, including the T'ien-t'ai (Tendai), Huayen (Kegon), Ch'an (Zen), Chen-yen (Shingon), and Pure Land traditions. Special consideration is given to the question of the continuities and discontinuities in the ways these schools became established in China, Korea, and Japan. Prerequisite(s): one of the following: Religion 208, 209, or 250. J. Strong.

310. "Wilderness" in the Religious Imagination. "Wilderness," like "desert" or its antinomies, "garden" or "paradise," carries a complex set of religious and hence cultural meanings. These meanings continue to inform our effort to locate ourselves not only in an ecological place, but also in mythological space. The maps of meaning that we draw are often works of our imagination, religious and secular. This course, dependent on significant individual student research, considers these maps and this map-making. Prerequisite(s): two courses in religion, or one course in religion and Environmental Studies 205. Junior and senior majors in environmental studies or religion are given preference for registration. Enrollment limited to 15. Written permission of the instructor is required. C. Straub.

360. Independent Study. Independent study of individually selected topics. Periodic conferences and papers are required. Permission of the department is required. Students are limited to one independent study per semester. Staff.

365. Special Topics. Offered from time to time on topics of special interest.

365B. W.E.B. Du Bois and American Culture. William Edward Burghardt Du Bois (1868-1963) is one of the twentieth century's leading America educators, political activists, scholars and cultural critics. Du Bois was the first African American to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard, a founder of the N.A.A.C.P., author of the first major sociological study of an African American community, a crucial precursor of the American Civil Rights Movement, a spokesperson for Pan-Africanism, and a supporter and — eventually a citizen — of the African state of Ghana. He witnessed and, in many instances, played a role in shaping contemporary perspectives on the major historical, political, and social events of American society. This course offers a chronicle and critical examination of Du Bois's life, career, and role in the formation of American culture. Prerequisite(s): Religion 100 or African American Studies 140A. Written permission of the instructor is required. Enrollment is limited to 25. This course is the same as African American Studies 365B. M. Bruce.

365A. The Sublime. What is the sublime? Can it be described, labeled, categorized, analyzed, and/or presented? Or is it, as the French philosopher Jean-François Lyotard suggests, the unpresentable, that which we can conceive of and allude to but never present? Can both the desire and attempt to present the sublime in some enduring form become the occasion for terror? This seminar seeks to address these questions in the writings of Lyotard and four contemporary authors who have become witnesses of the unpresentable: Toni Morrison, Primo Levi, Edward Said, and Paul Monette. Each views narration as both a responsible act and a way of mediating the terror of such moments as slavery, genocide, exile, and disease; each attempts to say and write what seems and appears to be unpresentable. Students review the history of the concept of the sublime, discuss works by the above-mentioned authors, and examine the critical reception of their writings. Prerequisite(s): one 100-level religion course. Enrollment limited to 15. Written permission of the instructor is required. M. Bruce.

450. Senior Research Seminar. A course designed to give senior majors a common core experience in research in religion. Through writing, presenting, and discussing several papers, students explore topics of their own choosing from different theoretical and comparative perspectives. Required of all majors. Enrollment is limited to junior and senior majors and, by written permission of instructor, to interdisciplinary majors. T. Tracy.

457, 458. Senior Thesis. Research for and writing of the senior thesis, under the direction of a member of the department. Majors writing a regular thesis register for Religion 457 in the fall semester. Majors writing an honors thesis register for both Religion 457 in the fall semester and 458 in the winter semester. Staff.

Short Term Units

s20. The Life and Writings of Mircea Eliade. The Rumanian historian of religions, Mircea Eliade (1907-1986), was one of the twentieth century's leading scholars of the study of religion. Renowned for his authoritative writings on such topics as yoga, shamanism, alchemy, myth, and the sacred and the profane, he was also a diligent diarist and a prolific writer of fiction (novels, short stories, and plays). The seminar considers both his scholarly and his fictional oeuvre in the context of his life story, as he moved from Bucharest to Calcutta to Paris and to Chicago. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 25. J. Strong.

s23. Environmental Ethics. This unit uses readings, seminar discussions, and field trips to examine and evaluate environmental issues. Consideration is given to the idea of expanding the moral universe to include forests, oceans, other species. The class may travel to different locales in Maine to look at specific environmental situations. Internships also may be arranged for more extended study in the field. This unit is the same as Philosophy s23. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 12. Written permission of the instructor is required. C. Straub.

s24. Religion and the City. This unit examines the specific challenges faced by religious communities and organizations working to meet the needs of inner-city residents in Washington, D.C. It analyzes 1) the manner in which religious leaders within a particular community articulate and set about realizing the social, political, and economic agenda of their communities and 2) how religious communities and organizations often become the site of the very conflicts that characterize their interactions with other groups on their boundaries. The program involves study of selected texts dealing with intrafaith/interfaith conflicts and the problems of the city, discussions led by those working in the inner city, field trips to various institutions of the city, and fieldwork in agencies and religious communities in Washington, D.C. Recommended background: a course in religion. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 12. M. Bruce.

s25A. The Red-Letter Gospel. Jesus' words, in a red-letter Gospel book, stand out in red letters as the authoritative heart of the Christian scriptures. But were they really his words? How do we decide between contradictory quotations in the various Gospels? Or between the Gospel accounts and others outside the New Testament? Is red-lettered precision reconcilable with oral tradition? This unit studies the most controversial of the sayings attributed to Jesus on issues selected by the participants, in order to decide what Jesus is likely to have said, and to understand the interpretive issues involved in that task. R. Allison.

s26. Reading in the Greek New Testament. Intensive introduction to New Testament Greek. Students begin reading immediately in the Gospel of John, while studying the Koine, or commonly spoken Greek language of late classical and early Christian times. No previous knowledge of Greek is assumed. This unit is the same as Classical and Medieval Studies s26 and Greek s26. Enrollment limited to 8. R. Allison.

s27. Field Studies in Religion: Cult and Community. The unit provides an opportunity for in-depth study of one of the many religious groups in southern Maine. In addition to mainline Catholic, Protestant, and Jewish communities, there are many nearby religious movements of particular interest: Shakers, Jehovah's Witnesses, Eckanckar, Transcendental Meditation, the Shiloh Community, Catholic charismatics, Unitarians, and others. Students carry out their own field research, focusing on the social structure, beliefs, and practices of a community of their choice. The unit ends with a seminar in which students share the results of their research. Enrollment limited to 15. T. Tracy.

s32. Medieval Spain: Christians, Jews, and Muslims. Spain developed three different literary traditions during the Middle Ages. The presence in the Iberian Peninsula of three different established religions - Christianity, Islam, and Judaism - gave rise to three distinctive intellectual communities and practices. Muslim philosophers and scientists developed knowledge in areas like medicine, optics, algebra, and chemistry. Jewish scholars gave shape to the Talmudic tradition. Christian Europe sent its theologians to discover Aristotle among the few who still could read Greek in Western Europe, the Arab and Jewish scholars of Córdoba and Toledo. Conducted in English. One section reads and discusses texts in Spanish. The second section is conducted in English. Prerequisite(s): Spanish 216. This unit is the same as Spanish s32. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 30. Written permission of the instructor is required. B. Fra-Molinero, M. Caspi.

s50. Individual Research. Registration in this unit is granted by the department only after the student has submitted a written proposal for a full-time research project to be completed during the Short Term and has secured the sponsorship of a member of the department to direct the study and evaluate results. Students are limited to one individual research unit. Staff.

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