Professors Thompson (English; on leave winter semester and Short Term), Jones (History) (on leave, 2003-2004), Corrie (Art), and Allison (Religion); Associate Professors Fra-Molinero (Spanish), O'Higgins (Classics and Classical and Medieval Studies), and Read (French); Assistant Professors Imber (Classics and Classical and Medieval Studies) and Maurizio (Classics and Classical and Medieval Studies; chair); Lecturers Hayward (Classics and Classical and Medieval Studies) and Walker (Classics and Classical and Medieval Studies)

The Bates Program in Classical and Medieval Studies combines a uniquely interdisciplinary study of cultural history with an emphasis on empowering students themselves to read and assess texts in the relevant ancient languages. The program is distinctive in linking the study of classical antiquity with that of the medieval worlds and distinctive in its scope. It embraces as classical antiquity the ancient Mediterranean as a whole, including North Africa, Crete, and Sicily, as well as the many cultures that composed "Greece" and "Rome." The medieval world includes Islamic and Viking civilizations as well as the great cathedral builders of northern Europe and the full extent of the Byzantine Empire and its border states. Students are encouraged to study abroad in selected programs in order to appreciate the material aspects of these diverse cultures. The program aims to be truly interdisciplinary, integrating the perspectives of history, literature, philosophy, religion, the environmental sciences, art, architecture, and other material culture.

The Program in Classical and Medieval Studies maintains a homepage on the World Wide Web where curricular changes and special events are posted (www.bates.edu/cms.xml).

Cross-listed Courses. Note that unless otherwise specified, when a department/program references a course or unit in the department/program, it includes courses and units cross-listed with the department/program.

Major Requirements. Within this interdisciplinary major students may elect to concentrate in either classical studies or medieval studies. The major requires twelve courses. This may include a Short Term unit.

1) Two of the following courses: Classical and Medieval Studies/History 100; 102; 106; 107; Classical and Medieval Studies/Religion 101.

2) Four courses in Latin or four courses in Greek to be taken at Bates or through other authorized College programs.

3) Five additional courses selected from Classical and Medieval Studies and the list below.

4) A one-semester senior thesis, Classical and Medieval Studies 457 or 458. Thesis advisors are chosen by the chair of the program in consultation with the students, according to thesis subject.

Greek and Latin Courses. All courses taught in Ancient Greek and Latin are listed under Classical and Romance Languages and Literatures (see page 134 of the printed catalog).

Pass/Fail Grading Option. Pass/fail grading may not be elected for the ancient language courses required for the major.

General Education. Any one classical and medieval studies Short Term unit may serve as an option for the fifth humanities course. First-Year Seminars 191 and 257 may also count toward the humanities requirement.

Courses

CM/HI 100. Introduction to the Ancient World. This course introduces the Greco-Roman world, and serves as a useful basis for 200- and 300-level courses in classical civilization. Within a general chronological framework students consider the ancient world under a series of headings: religion, philosophy, art, education, literature, social life, politics, and law. The survey begins with Bronze Age Crete and Mycenae and ends with the first century B.C.E., as Rome makes its presence felt in the Mediterranean and moves toward empire. Not open to students who have received credit for Classical and Medieval Studies 100 or History 100. Normally offered every other year. D. O'Higgins.

CM/RE 101. Religion and Empire: Religious Conflict in Late Antiquity. This introduction to the age we call late antiquity (the third through the eighth centuries) explores the emergence of many of today's religions from complex circumstances of the post-classical world. In addition to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, this course investigates Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism as well as the continuation of Greco-Roman polytheism and religious philosophies (Neoplatonism). Topics include state control of religion, the increasing importance of community and ethnicity associated with religious doctrines in this period, mysticism, and ways of thinking about the individual, the divine, and eternal life. Enrollment limited to 40. Offered with varying frequency. R. Allison.

CM/HI 102. Medieval Europe. Far from being an "enormous hiccup" in human progress, the medieval centuries (circa 350-1350) marked the full emergence of Islamic, Byzantine, and West European civilizations. These powerful medieval cultures shape our present. The central theme of this introductory survey course is the genesis and development of a distinct Western European medieval civilization including its social, economic, political, and cultural aspects. Important topics include the devolution of the Roman Empire; the Christianization of the West; the origins of the Byzantine world; the rise of Islam; and the history of medieval women. Not open to students who have received credit for History 102. Normally offered every year. Staff.

CM/HI 106. Greek Civilization. This course considers: 1) the archaic civilization of Homer, a poet celebrating the heroes of an aristocratic and personal world; 2) the classical civilization of Aeschylus, Sophocles, Aristophanes, and Phidias, the dramatists and sculptor of a democratic and political Athens; 3) the synthesis of Plato, celebrating the hero Socrates and attempting to preserve and promote aristocratic values in a political world. Not open to students who have received credit for History 201. Normally offered every year. J. Cole.

CM/HI 107. Roman Civilization. In this course students explore Roman civilization at the end of the Republic, examining first the places of Roman life and analyzing how the Romans built their walls, temples, markets, and stadiums and why they chose to do so. Students also explore the people and the nature of the activities they engaged in at these locations, seeking answers to questions like: What did the Romans eat for breakfast? Recommended background: Classical and Medieval Studies/History 100, Classical and Medieval Studies/Religion 101, History 201. Not open to students who have received credit for Classical and Medieval Studies 206. Normally offered every other year. M. Imber.

CM/EN 145. Epic, Saga, Romance. In this course students read a variety of works from the most popular narrative forms in the Middle Ages. The course may include Beowulf, the Icelandic sagas, the Maginogion, Orfeo, Middle English alliterative poetry, and Arthurian literature, as well as post-medieval interpreters of medieval narrative such as Tolkien and Evangeline Walton. Enrollment limited to 25. Offered with varying frequency. M. Hazard.

CM/RH 160. Classical Rhetoric. The Romans ran the ancient world by the sword, but also by the word. This course explores how they did the latter. Readings include classical works about rhetoric, examples of classical oratory, and the variety of exercises by which the practice of rhetoric was taught. Writing assignments include analyses of speeches by classical orators, as well as a range of ancient rhetorical exercises such as fables, speeches of praise and invective, persuasive speeches to historical figures, and mock courtroom speeches. The course concludes with an examination of the Gettysburg Address and consideration of its debt to classical rhetorical theory. All readings are in English. Not open to students who have received credit for Classical and Medieval Studies 160 or Rhetoric 160. Offered with varying frequency. M. Imber.

CMS 180. War, Women, and Wastelands. Homer created an imaginary world in which supermen pitted themselves against other heroes and the forces of nature, while beautiful women picked their way through the wreckage left behind. We find a similar vision of life in other ancient societies, but it is Homer's world that has captured people's imaginations for almost 3,000 years. This course focuses on Homer's two great epic adventures, the Iliad and the Odyssey. It may also include early epics from other societies, such as Gilgamesh or Beowulf, as well as later works that have been strongly influenced by the Homeric tradition, such as the Argonauts of Apollonius, Virgil's Aeneid, or Dante's Inferno. Offered with varying frequency. H. Walker.

CMS 200. Ancient Comedy and Satire. Students read (in translation) the comic poets and satirists of Greece and Rome and investigate the nature and social context of ancient humor, satire, and invective. Authors include Homer, Hesiod, Archilochus, Semonides, Aristophanes, Menander, Terence, Horace, Seneca, and Petronius. Recommended background: Classical and Medieval Studies 100. Open to first-year students. Normally offered every other year. D. O'Higgins.

CMS 201. Gender and the Body in Ancient Greece. How did people in ancient Greece think about the categories of male and female? How did these categories intersect with others, such as social status, age, and ethnicity? This course considers issues of gender in archaic and classical Greece, and looks at how Greek men and women thought about the body, sexuality, and "transgressive" behavior and individuals. Students analyze literary texts (in translation) as well as medical, religious, and legal evidence — inscriptional and textual — and modern scholarship. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 35. Normally offered every other year. D. O'Higgins.

CMS 202. Greek Tragedy. This course introduces students to fifth-century Athenian tragedies (in English translation). The plays form the primary focus of the course, but there are many related topics of discussion: the origin of tragedy and its religious significance, its political context and content, tragedy's audience and affective power, tragedy's self-conscious relationship with epic and lyric. Students also read and discuss a representative selection of modern criticism on Greek tragedy. Open to first-year students. Normally offered every other year. D. O'Higgins.

CM/HI 203. Great Wars of Greek Antiquity. Much of the perennial appeal of the history of the Persian Wars and the Peloponnesian War lies in storied confrontations of East and West, empire and freedom, rise and fall, folly and intelligence, war and peace, victory and defeat. More of the interest for the reflective student lies in the critical use of the classical sources, especially Herodotus and Thucydides, and in the necessary qualification of those too-simple polarities, East/West, empire/freedom, rise/fall, folly/intelligence, war/peace, victory/defeat, and, of course, good/bad. Open to first-year students. Not open to students who have received credit for History 202. Normally offered every other year. J. Cole.

CMS 205. Ovid's Metamorphoses Transformed. Very soon after its publication, Ovid's Metamorphoses became the standard source for the stories of Greco-Roman mythology. This course traces (in English) the various retellings of some of those myths through medieval, Renaissance, and modern times, in Europe and the Americas, primarily in literary reworkings, but with some attention to art and music as well. Reading portions of the Ovidian original in Latin is encouraged for students with one or more years of Latin. Open to first-year students. Offered with varying frequency. T. Hayward.

CM/HI 207. The Roman World and Roman Britain. The Roman Empire is famous for its decline and fall. Stretching from the Euphrates to the Atlantic, however, this remarkable multiethnic empire persisted for 500 years. Its story is a fascinating example of what Theodore Mommsen tagged the moral problem of "the struggle of necessity and liberty." This course is a study of the unifying and fragmenting forces at work on the social, economic, and political structures of the Roman imperial world. Key themes include the western provinces and Roman Britain, the effects of Romanization on conquered peoples, and the rise of Christianity. The survey begins with the reign of Augustus and concludes with the barbarian invasions of the fifth century. Open to first-year students. Not open to students who have received credit for History 207. Normally offered every other year. M. Jones.

CM/HI 209. Vikings. The Vikings were the most feared and perhaps misunderstood people of their day. Savage raiders branded as the Antichrist by their Christian victims, the Vikings were also the most successful traders and explorers of the early Middle Ages. The Viking Age lasted for three centuries (800-1100 C.E.), and the Vikings' world stretched from Russia to North America. Study of the myth and reality of Viking culture involves materials drawn from history, archeology, mythology, and literature. Prerequisite(s): History 102. Not open to students who have received credit for Classical and Medieval Studies 209 or History 209. Offered with varying frequency. M. Jones.

CMS 210. Greek Temples for Greek Gods. Who can think of ancient Greece without conjuring a white marble temple reaching into the blue Mediterranean sky? How did the structure, location, and sculptural details of temples embody a Greek understanding of the place of human beings in the cosmos, the nature of gods, and the relationship between the two? Students examine the temples of classical Athens in their religious, architectural, and cultural context in order to address these questions. Offered with varying frequency. L. Maurizio.

CMS 211. Shorter Latin Poems in Translation. The course presents an overview of selected short Latin poems (two to 200 lines each) in English translation. Latin authors may include Catullus, Virgil, Horace, Tibullus, Sulpicia, Propertius, Ovid, Persius, Petronius, Martial, Statius, and Juvenal, as well as some later classical and medieval writers. Focus is on the poetic genres — pastoral, lyric, elegy, satire, and epigram — and on the aesthetic problems of translation itself. Open to first-year students. Offered with varying frequency. T. Hayward.

CM/RE 218. Greek and Roman Myths. Did the Greeks and Romans believe their myths about winged horses, goddesses, and golden apples? How are myths related to the religious, political, and social world of Greece and Rome? This course examines Greek and Roman myths from a variety of theoretical perspectives in order to understand their meaning in the ancient world and their enduring influence in Western literature and art. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 60. Not open to students who have received credit for Classical and Medieval Studies 218 or Religion 218. Normally offered every other year. L. Maurizio.

CM/WS 219. Greek Myths and the Psychology of Gender. Ever since Freud argued that Sophocles' Oedipus Rex revealed the most important feature of human development, the Oedipal crisis, psychologists have used Greek myths to understand the human psyche and sexual difference. What do myths tell us about men, women, femaleness, maleness, in ancient Greece or today? Students examine and criticize how influential psychologists such as Freud have interpreted Greek myths and thereby influenced Western notions of gender and sex. This course emphasizes psychological interpretations of Greek myths. It therefore differs from and complements Classical and Medieval Studies 218 (Greek and Roman Myths). Open to first-year students. Not open to students who have received credit for Classical and Medieval Studies 265. Offered with varying frequency. L. Maurizio.

CM/TH 224. Ancient Theater: Myths, Masks, and Puppets. Students participate in a research and design project focused on a classical or medieval play. The course examines myths and masks in classical and medieval theater and ritual. Students then revise and abridge the script of a classical or medieval play, designing and manufacturing puppets and masks in preparation for a production of the play during the Short Term. Students in this course may, but are not required to, register for the Short Term unit. Enrollment limited to 28. Not open to students who have received credit for Medieval and Classical Studies 224 or Theater 224. Offered with varying frequency. E. Seeling, L. Maurizio.

CM/HI 231. Litigation in Classical Athens. This course studies the practice of law in ancient Athens. About 100 speeches survive from the fourth century B.C.E. in which Athenians contested everything from wills and property disputes to the worthiness of political candidates for office and the proper conduct of domestic and international affairs. Study of these speeches illuminates not merely the procedural organization of law in the Athenian democracy, but also the nature of political, social, and cultural structures in Athens. Consequently, the course concentrates as much on the various methodological approaches scholars have applied to the orations as on learning the mechanics of Athenian legal procedure. Open to first-year students. Not open to students who have received credit for Classical and Medieval Studies 231 or History 231. Offered with varying frequency. M. Imber.

AR/CM 232. Pyramid and Ziggurat. A survey of the art and architecture of the ancient worlds of Egypt and the Near East, with attention given to topics including women in ancient Egypt, the Kingdom of Kush, and current developments in archeology. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 50. Not open to students who have received credit for Art 232. Normally offered every other year. R. Corrie.

AR/CM 241. The Art of Islam. Art of the Islamic world from its roots in the ancient Near East to the flowering of Safavid Persia and Mughal India in the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries. Developments are traced through architecture, painting, ceramics, textiles, and metalwork. Consideration is given to the continuity of the Near Eastern artistic tradition and Islamic art in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 50. Not open to students who have received credit for Art 241. Normally offered every other year. R. Corrie.

AR/CM 251. The Age of the Cathedrals. An investigation of medieval architecture from the Early Christian era to the end of the Gothic period in Europe, including Russia and the Byzantine East. Emphasis is placed on the development of Christian architecture and the emergence of the Gothic cathedral in the context of European political and social history before 1500. Open to first-year students. Not open to students who have received credit for Art 251. Normally offered every other year. R. Corrie.

AR/CM 252. Art of the Middle Ages. In Europe from the Early Christian era to the end of the Gothic age, from 300 to 1450 C.E., precious objects, manuscripts, wall paintings, and stained glass were produced in great quantities. The course traces the development of these and other media, including tapestry and sculpture. Emphasis is placed on the changing images of men and women in medieval art. The roles of liturgy, theology, and technological and social changes are stressed. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 50. Not open to students who have received credit for Art 252. Normally offered every other year. R. Corrie.

AR/CM 265. Florence to Bruges: The Early Renaissance in Europe. This course investigates the art and architecture of Northern and Southern Europe between 1250 and 1450. Students analyze the impact of theology, liturgy, social change, urbanism, gender, and social class on visual culture. Artists considered include Cimabue, Duccio, Giotto, Fra Angelico, Donatello, Brunelleschi, Jan van Eyck, and Rogier van der Weyden. Open to first-year students. Not open to students who have received credit for Art 265. Normally offered every other year. R. Corrie.

CMS 285. Democracies and Crisis: Athens and America. This course considers how the response of the democracy to external threats affects its internal notions of civil liberties. Students examine the pressures the Peloponnesian war and the rise of Macedon imposed on ancient Athenian notions about the rights of citizens. They compare these classical precedents with contemporary debates about civil liberties and executive power in the United States in the wake of 11 September 2001. This writing-intensive course is intended to help sophomores and juniors prepare for senior thesis work in the humanities and social sciences. Recommended background: Classical and Medieval Studies 231, Classical and Medieval Studies/History 100, 106, Political Science 115 and 118. Enrollment limited to 25. Offered with varying frequency. M. Imber.

CMS 360. Independent Study. Students, in consultation with a faculty advisor, individually design and plan a course of study or research not offered in the curriculum. Course work includes a reflective component, evaluation, and completion of an agreed-upon product. Sponsorship by a faculty member in the program/department, a course prospectus, and permission of the chair are required. Students may register for no more than one independent study per semester. Normally offered every semester. Staff.

AR/CM 376. Seminar in Medieval and Renaissance Art. This seminar examines the visual culture of Europe and the Mediterranean basin in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. In different years the seminar focuses on specific subjects, which may include manuscript illumination, regional architecture, Crusader art, and medieval urbanism. This year's subjects are:

AR/CM 376C. Siena: Art and Social Memory. At the height of its power Siena, Italy, bankrolled much of Europe and from 1250 to 1450 produced images that influenced painting from England to the Islamic world. Studying the work of Sienese artists including Duccio, Simone Martini, and the Lorenzetti, this course investigates the ties between visual culture (including sculpture and architecture) and politics, economics, religion, urban structure, and social identity. Recommended background: at least one 200-level course in the history of art or the equivalent, or a course in medieval or Renaissance history. Enrollment limited to 15. Not open to students who have received credit for Art 376C or Classical and Medieval Studies 376C. Offered with varying frequency. R. Corrie.

AR/CM 376D. Crusader Art and Architecture. This seminar investigates the visual and material culture of the Crusader states found between 1099 and 1500 from Jerusalem to Syria, Constantinople, Greece, and the islands of the Aegean. Focused on manuscript and icon painting, sculpture, and church and military architecture of the Frankish states, it also addresses the related production of Armenian Cilicia, the Byzantine Empire, Cyprus, Greece, the Balkan kingdoms, Europe, and the Islamic Near East and North Africa, concluding with a consideration of the nineteenth- and twentieth-century fascination with the Crusades and the recent flowering of scholarship on Crusader art. Recommended background: at least one 200-level course in art history or in a related field such as history or religion. Enrollment limited to 15. Not open to students who have received credit for Art 376D or Classical and Medieval Studies 376D. Offered with varying frequency. R. Corrie.

CM/HI 390D. Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Edward Gibbon's classic Decline and Fall is the most famous work of history written in English. This course uses it as an introduction to the problem of the collapse of complex, premodern societies and specifically the end of the Roman West. Changing historical explanations for the fall of Rome are a microcosm of Western historiography. Students also explore basic questions on the nature of history and historians. Enrollment limited to 15. Not open to students who have received credit for History 390D. Offered with varying frequency. M. Jones.

CM/HI 390I. Anglo-Saxon England. This seminar concentrates on Dark Age Britain (circa 400-800 C.E.). This period is a mystery wrapped in an enigma. Ignorance and obscurity offer one advantage to students: the sources are so few that they may be explored in a single semester. The course is designed to present typical kinds of early medieval evidence (saints' lives, chronicles, annals, charters, poetry, genealogy, archeology), introduce students to their potentials and difficulties, and then set a series of problems that requires application of these materials to gain an answer. Enrollment limited to 15. Not open to students who have received credit for History 390I. Offered with varying frequency. M. Jones.

CM/EN 395Q. Images of Sainthood in Medieval English Literature. The saints of the Christian church were not only central to the belief system of the European Middle Ages, they also provided an opportunity for rich and varied narrative and cultural constructions. The saints' legends found in the medieval English collection that is the focus of this course sometimes reveal more about the hopes and fears of the people by and for whom they were composed than about the saints themselves, but they are no less interesting for that reason. Translation of a chosen text, historical investigation, and creative rewriting all play a part in the process of acquainting students with the nature of narrative and the continuing hold upon our imagination of the saints. Prerequisite(s): English 206. Enrollment limited to 15. (Pre-1800.) One time offering. A. Thompson. New course beginning Fall 2004.

CMS 457, 458. Senior Thesis. Required of all majors. The research and writing of an extended essay in classical and medieval studies, following the established practices of the field, under the guidance of a supervisor in the classical and medieval studies program. Students register for Classical and Medieval Studies 457 in the fall semester and for Classical and Medieval Studies 458 in the winter semester. Majors writing an honors thesis register for both Classical and Medieval Studies 457 and 458. Normally offered every year. Staff.

Short Term Units

CM/EN s16. Monastic Mysteries. In this unit, students read a selection of modern mystery novels set in the Middle Ages, primarily by Ellis Peters about the fictional Benedictine monk Cadfael. Students discuss the difficulties and choices faced by the modern writer of fiction presenting the social realities of the medieval world. Students also read primary historical sources describing that world, in particular the Chronicle of Jocelin of Brakelond. Enrollment limited to 25. Not open to students who have received credit for Classical and Medieval Studies s16 or English s16. Offered with varying frequency. M. Hazard.

AR/CM s19. From Antiquity to Renaissance in Florence and Rome. In Florence and Rome, students investigate the persistence of the classical aesthetic in Italy through the centuries from ancient Rome to the Renaissance. Enrollment limited to 10. Written permission of the instructor is required. Not open to students who have received credit for Art s27. Offered with varying frequency. R. Corrie.

CM/TH s20. Theater Production and the Ancient Stage. Experienced theater students work under faculty supervision and in leadership positions with other students in the production of a classical or medieval play. Not open to students who have received credit for Classical and Medieval Studies s20 or Theater s20. Offered with varying frequency. E. Seeling, L. Maurizio.

INDS s26. Reading in the Greek New Testament. Intensive introduction to New Testament Greek. Students begin reading in the Gospel of John, while studying the Koine, or commonly spoken Greek language of late classical and early Christian times. No previous knowledge of Greek is assumed. Cross-listed in classical and medieval studies, Greek, and religion. Enrollment limited to 8. Not open to students who have received credit for Classical and Medieval Studies s26, Greek s26, or Religion s26. Offered with varying frequency. R. Allison.

CMS s27. Readings in the Odyssey of Homer. The Odyssey has proved an inspiring and inexhaustible text over the centuries. This unit explores the poem in detail, examining its cultural and literary context and considering modern approaches to this most enigmatic text. The unit is taught in English, but students who have completed one or more years of ancient Greek are encouraged to read sections in Greek, and learn how to "perform" the poetry. Enrollment limited to 15. Written permission of the instructor is required. Not open to students who have received credit for Classics s20 or Greek s20. Offered with varying frequency. Staff.

CMS s28. Food in Ancient Greece and Rome. In this unit, students explore aspects of food in ancient Greece and Rome: the food supply, for both agrarian and urban populations; malnutrition and famine; the hierarchical symbolism of the heroic banquet — a division of the sacrificial animal among ranked members of society, and between men and gods; cuisine and delicacies of the rich; the Roman "orgy" in film and in fact; forbidden food, and the implications of dietary transgression; and sacred food. Students engage in some actual cookery, using Apicius and other ancient sources; the course culminates in a Roman banquet. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 30. Offered with varying frequency. D. O'Higgins.

CMS s30. World Theater and the Ancient Stage. Students work under the supervision of faculty and visiting artists in leadership positions with other students in the production of a play that fuses a distinct theatrical tradition or style with ancient Greek tragedies, myth, or dramatic technique. Students must audition for acting roles. Written permission of the instructor is required. Enrollment is limited to 15. L. Maurizio. New unit beginning Short Term 2004.

CMS s50. Independent Study. Students, in consultation with a faculty advisor, individually design and plan a course of study or research not offered in the curriculum. Course work includes a reflective component, evaluation, and completion of an agreed-upon product. Sponsorship by a faculty member in the program/department, a course prospectus, and permission of the chair are required. Students may register for no more than one independent study during a Short Term. Normally offered every year. Staff.

Additional Courses

The following courses, described under their departmental listings, may be applied to the major.

AN/RE 225. Gods, Heroes, Magic, and Mysteries: Religion in Ancient Greece.

ENG 206. Chaucer.
ENG 209. Introduction to Medieval and Renaissance Culture.

REL 213. From Law to Mysticism.
REL 214. Bible and Quran.
REL 235. Ancient Israel: History, Religion, and Literature.
REL 236. Introduction to the New Testament.
REL 238. Early Jewish History and Thought.
REL 241. History of Christian Thought I: Conflict, Self-Definition, and Dominance.
REL 242. History of Christian Thought II: The Emergence of Modernity.
REL 245. Monks, Nuns, Hermits, and Demons: Ascetic and Monastic Christianity.

SPAN 240. Loco amor/buen amor.