The material on this page is from the 2000-01 catalog and may be out of date. Please check the current year's catalog for current information.

Professors: Hodgkin (on leave, 2000–2001), Corlett, and Kessler; Associate Professors: MacLeod, Chair, Richter, and Hill; Assistant Professors: Asher and McClendon; Mr. Braughman and Mr. VonDoepp For special registration requirements for Political Science 421 and 422 for fall 2001 see course descriptions below. The major in political science offers students the opportunity to examine politics from a variety of theoretical, cultural, and methodological perspectives. By raising fundamental questions about politics, courses encourage students to reflect carefully about the behaviors, institutions, ideologies, and dynamics of political life. Students are asked to reexamine their commonsense assumptions regarding politics, and to learn to think and write critically about political questions. As the study of politics is inherently multicultural and multidisciplinary, courses stress the importance of the diversity of the political experience, including a global range of cultural issues that address the role of race, class, ethnicity, sexuality, and gender in political life. Major Requirements. Students majoring in political science must complete ten courses or units. At least four courses in an approved major concentration of political science (described below) or a self-designed concentration approved by the department. Students may not count internships or transfer courses for the major concentration requirement. At least three political science courses in multicultural studies (described below), one of which must be non-Western. Courses in the major concentration may meet the multicultural requirement. At least one 300-level seminar in political science. This seminar serves as a prerequisite for Political Science 457 or 458, the senior thesis. Political Science 457, 458. The senior thesis must be related to the major concentration, unless the student petitions successfully for a waiver. Subject to departmental approval, students may receive credit toward the major for no more than two non-departmental courses in African American studies or women's studies offered by the College. Students may also petition for departmental approval of a maximum of two relevant courses completed in a junior year abroad or junior semester abroad program or the Washington Semester Program. Students may count no more than three 100-level courses and one Short Term unit toward the major. Major Concentrations. Students must either complete four courses/units in one of these approved areas or successfully petition the department to develop their own concentration. U.S. National Institutions (115, 211, 217, 227, 230, 233, 276, 322). U.S. Political Processes (115, 118, 211, 214, 230, 233, 294, 310, s23, s24, s25). Legal Studies (118, 227, 228, 229, 296, 322, 325, 329, 394). Cultural Politics (119, 168, 233, 243, 244, 248, 289, 294, 298, 310, 325, 327, 346, 352, 365, 393, s19, s29). Postcolonial Politics (168, 234, 235, 247, 248, 249, 295, 327, 346, 365A, 395, s19). Economic Aspects of Politics (168, 171, 191, 214, 222, 227, 232, 234, 249, 258, 276, 295, 393, s23, s25). International Studies (171, 222, 232, 234, 247, 249, 258, 276, 327, 345, 347, 383, 395, s19). History of Western Political Thought (168, 191, 243, 244, 294, 295, 296, 297, 346, 352, 393, 394, s29). Women and Politics (118, 155, 191, 234, 235, 245, 297, 298, 329, 346, 347, 352, s29). Politics of Development and Transformation (222, 232, 234, 235, 243, 244, 245, 247, 248, 249, 258, 327, 346, 352, 395, s29). Multicultural Studies. Multicultural studies explore the complexity of human difference and political activity in local and global settings. Multicultural courses in political science contribute, each in specific ways, to discussions of human diversity across asymmetries of social, political, and economic power. If the courses selected within the major concentration do not already meet this requirement, the student must complete three courses in multicultural studies, one of which must be non-Western. Non-Western courses include Political Science 168, 232, 233, 234, 235, 245, 247, 248, 249, 327, 346, s19. Other courses in multicultural studies include Political Science 118, 155, 191, 214, 229, 243, 244, 295, 298, 310, 325, 329, 347, 352, 393. Declaring a Major in Political Science. To declare a major in political science, the student must complete both the College's and the department's major declaration forms. The student should complete the department's form in consultation with a major advisor, who will be assigned after consultation with the department chair. The student is expected to select courses within a major concentration that will serve as the area of a potential thesis topic. A new form must be completed if the student's interests change. Pass/Fail Grading Option. Pass/fall grading may be elected for one course applied toward the major. This course must be below the 300 level. General Education. Any two courses, only one of which may be at the 100-level, within any one of the major concentrations listed above may serve as a department-designated set. The quantitative requirement may be satisfied through Political Science 310 or 322. Courses 115. American Government and Public Policy. An introductory description and analysis of American governmental and political institutions and processes, with particular focus upon the formulation and administration of public policy. Enrollment limited to 50 per section. J. Baughman. 118. Law and Politics. An examination of the political nature of law, legal processes, and legal institutions. Special emphasis is placed on the participation of women and people of color in the legal system and the impact of race and class on legal processes and outcomes. Topics may include stratification in the legal profession, the law school experience, criminal justice, legal discourse, and the utility of law for effecting social and political change. Enrollment limited to 50 per section. M. Kessler. 119. Cultural Politics. This course examines the relationship of culture to politics. It introduces the study of struggles to acquire, maintain, or resist power and gives particular attention to the role culture plays in reproducing and contesting social divisions of class, race, gender, and sexuality. Lectures and discussion incorporate film, music, and fiction in order to evaluate the connection between cultural practices and politics. Enrollment limited to 50. J. McClendon. 122. Concepts and Theories in Comparative Politics. Citizens of the United States tend to be relatively ill-informed about and even uninterested in politics in other countries. As a result, many of us misinterpret events in other countries and fail to objectively evaluate our own political system and way of life. This course is designed to help students develop a Òtool kitÓ to effectively analyze politics in countries around the globe. Students learn theories and concepts that political scientists use to describe and understand politics and apply those concepts and theories to explore substantive issues. These issues include processes of political liberalization and democratization in Mexico and Russia, the emergence and decline of welfare states in Europe and America, and the prospects for political stability and development in Kenya. Enrollment limited to 50 per section. P. VonDoepp. 155. Women, Power, and Political Systems: Introduction to Women and Politics. Recent scholarship examines roles and activities of women in political systems and the impact of women's participation on political life and public policy. Does sex make a difference? Does women's participation affect power relations between the sexes? This introduction uses the lenses of various fields in the discipline — voter behavior, constitutional law, comparative politics, and international relations — to examine women as political actors and to consider how notions of gender difference affect women's access to and exercise of power in public decision-making and government. Enrollment limited to 50 per section. L. Hill. 168. An Introduction to Modern and Postmodern Political Analysis. This course addresses the emergence, conformation, and future of social and political sciences by focusing on the following questions: How and when did "modern" states and the capitalist economy emerge? What is the relation between political and economic forces? How are cultural and social processes affected by politics and economics? And how do these processes in turn constitute politics? How was the formation of "modern/Western" states influenced by the rest of the world? And how does the rest of the world influence the nature of politics and society in the "modern/Western" states? The concluding section of the course examines the changing role of social and political science within a "globalizing,""postmodern" world. Enrollment limited to 50 per section. Not open to students who have received credit for Political Science 161. K. Asher. 171. International Politics. This course explores some of the many structures and processes that organize world politics, including the system of sovereign states, the global capitalist economy, and the varied meanings assigned to "nation" and "gender." To examine how these structures reinforce, intrude upon, and sometimes subvert each other, this course focuses on specific case studies such as international efforts to regulate ozone depletion, nuclear proliferation, the politics of international trade, and world population policies. Enrollment limited to 50 per section. J. Richter. 191. Western Political Theory. The course examines the relation of Western political thought to current struggles against various forms of oppression. When white Western male theorists use the language of truth and justice, law and order, or rights and liberty, do they speak for everyone? Or do their writings reinforce asymmetries of economic and social power? Students consider various responses to questions such as these, while reading and discussing selections from Plato, Machiavelli, Locke, Wollstonecraft, and Marx. Enrollment limited to 50 per section. W. Corlett. 211. American Parties and Elections. The structures, activities, and functions of parties in the American political system. Students analyze elections, voter behavior, campaign strategy and finance, and the role of parties in the operation of government. Open to first-year students. D. Hodgkin. 214. City Politics. The government and politics of cities, towns, counties, and special districts, with emphasis on metropolitan areas and suburbia. Topics include analysis of governing coalitions, racial politics, problems of spending and taxation, and the dependence of cities on decisions by corporations and by state and national governments. Open to first-year students. D. Hodgkin. 215. Political Participation in the United States. Citizen participation lies at the very heart of democratic decision making, but its importance extends well beyond formal tools like voting. This course explores the many ways in which Americans participate in politics and voice demands on the government, both formally and informally, from letters to the president to demonstrations in the streets. We will also look at who uses these tools, including the ways in which class, race, and gender circumscribe political influence. Open to first-year students. Enrollment is limited to 40. J Baughman. New course for 2001-2002. 217. The American Presidency. An examination of 1) theories of political leadership underlying the American executive; 2) constitutional and statutory definitions of its formal powers; and 3) the behavior of presidents and their role in the American political system. Open to first-year students. D. Hodgkin. 218. United States Environmental Politics and Policy. This course introduces students to critical historical and contemporary issues in the politics and policy of the natural environment in the United States. It examines the development and current state of environmental policy in the United States at the federal, state, and local levels, while at the same time placing the making of this policy in the broader context of American politics, economics, and society. The course begins with a short history of environmentalism in the United States. The middle part of the course is a general overview of the current state of American environmental politics and policy. The last section of the course takes a case study approach to a specific environmental issue relevant to the local area. This case study provides an opportunity for students to apply the knowledge developed earlier in the course and to meet and interact with stakeholders involved with this issue. Prerequisite(s): Environmental studies 202 or 204. Open to first-year students. This course is the same as Environmental Studies 218. P. Rogers. 222. International Political Economy. This course offers an introduction to the theories and debates regarding the politics of trade, multinational corporations, money and finance, and regional integration of developed and developing countries. Students are encouraged to explore the connections between international politics and economics both historically and in the contemporary era of "globalization." Specific topics addressed included the power of transnational corporations, the emergence and significance of the European Union, the role of the International Monetary Fund in the development world, and transitions from state socialism to free-market capitalism. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 40. P. VonDoepp. 227. Judicial Power and Economic Policy. An introduction to the political nature and policy-making role of the U.S. Supreme Court. The course concentrates on 1) the establishment of judicial review and some limits on the exercise of this power and 2) the role of American courts in making public policy with respect to such matters as taxation, labor unions, and the regulation of business and industry. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 40. M. Kessler. 228. Constitutional Freedoms. An analysis of judicial interpretations of freedoms provided in the First Amendment. Topics may include subversive advocacy, obscenity and pornography, libel, fighting words, hate speech, and commercial expression. Students read and discuss Supreme Court opinions and commentaries. Recommended background: Political Science 118 and/or 227. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 40. M. Kessler. 229. Race and Civil Rights in Constitutional Interpretation. An examination of judicial responses to issues of race and civil rights throughout United States history. Topics may include slavery, segregation in public accommodations, school desegregation, employment discrimination and affirmative action. Students read and discuss Supreme Court opinions and commentaries. Recommended background: Political Science 227 and/or 228. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 40. M. Kessler. 230. The U.S. Congress. This course is an exploration of the U.S. Congress and legislative politics. Students examine the practice and significance of Congressional elections and the organization and behavior of Congressional institutions, with a special emphasis on the connection between electoral behavior and lawmaking. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 40. J. Baughman. 232. The Politics of Post-Communism. The continuing upheaval in the countries of Eastern and Central Europe provides a unique opportunity to examine why things change and why they stay the same. This course investigates the experience of Russia, at least one of the new states in Central Asia, and at least one of the states in Central Europe tocompare and contrast different responses to issues that all countries abandoning Soviet-style communism must face, including the creation of a civil society, economic and institutional transformation, the rearrangement of class structures, the status of women, and nationalism. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 40. J. Richter. 233. African American Politics. This course surveys the place of African Americans in the politics of the United States. Specifically, this course situates the African American political experience in a world rife with change. This transformation simultaneously calls for a politics of race as well as a politics of class. Further, the new politics of identity tosses sexualities and genderings into the fray. This course considers this metamorphosis as it shapes and is shaped by the political process in the United States. Topics include affirmative action, redistricting, AIDS, environmental racism, rap music, and "sushi and grits." Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 40. J. McClendon. 234. Third World Women and Gender in Economic Development. This course is designed to give students a critical introduction to the central issues within the field of women/gender in economic development in developing societies. Students approach this topic by exploring three broad themes. First, they examine the conceptual literature related to economic development and gender. Second, they explore praxis-oriented strategies to include women in economic development projects. Finally, they explore how mainstream discourses and practices of development are being critiqued and influenced by Third World feminism. Recommended background: one course each in economic development and women's studies. This course is the same as Women's Studies 234. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 40. K. Asher. 235. Black Women in the Americas. Political economy is the framework for examining black women's status, roles, and activities in the United States, the Caribbean, and Latin America. The course surveys political, economic, social, and cultural experiences of women of African descent, paying close attention to similar historical experiences — African heritage, slavery, post-emancipation struggles for political rights, and economic security — as well as to factors such as class and nationality that make for divergent experiences. Review of current issues highlights differences in the impact of gender, race, ethnicity, and class on black women's lives in First and Third World societies. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 40. L. Hill. 239. Africana Thought and Practice. This course is a seminar for students interested in an advanced course on Africana thought and practice. Students explore the philosophical problems and theoretical issues addressed and attendant solutions formulated by various Africana thinkers/activists. Students explore the issue of African identity in the age of slavery and imperialism. Africana responses to imperialism and white supremacy are the focal points of our inquiry. Recommended background: at least one course in or on the Africana world, origin in the Africana world diaspora, or introduction to philosophy, political, or cultural theory. Enrollment is limited to 15. J. H. McClendon. 240. Cultural Politics in African American Studies. This course addresses the relationship between political culture and cultural politics within African American studies. Particular attention is paid to the contending theories of cultural criticism in African American studies. Cornel West, Molefi Asante, Patricia Hill Collins, Angela Davis, bell hooks, Maramba Ani, and Henry Lewis Gates, Jr. are some of the theorists under review. Recommended background: Political Science 119 or significant work in political science, American cultural studies or African American studies. Open to first-year students. Enrollment is limited to 50. This course is the same as American Cultural Studies 240. J. McClendon. 243. Politics and Literature. This course explores the links between politics and literature, focusing on the origins and consequences of the unique powers of fictional reality. Students read and discuss novels, short stories, and plays drawn from diverse historical and cultural settings, including the Middle East and China. Topics include: the construction of authority; women and writing politics; war, violence, and narratives; forms of regime and political power; the construction of alternative realities and breaking hegemony; and the relationship between stories and democratic and authoritarian politics. Students write on literature and politics, and write and discuss short stories of their own. Morality, private and political virtue, imagination, and political change are central concerns. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 40. A. MacLeod. 244. Political Imagination. Has society lost the ability to imagine and create alternative political arrangements? This course uses theoretical and cross-cultural materials to explore the nature of political imagination. What are the sources of political imagination? What constraints limit the envisioning of alternative polities? How do identity differences shape imagining, and who typically voices alternatives? What is the relationship between art, popular culture, and politics? This course explores the politics of consciousness and change in the West and across cultural boundaries (Middle East and China) to better understand the nature of political creativity. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 40. A. MacLeod. 245. Political Change, Gender Politics. This course examines comparatively the interplay between democratization and gender relations. Democracy movements create possibilities for women's activism and for enhancing women's political status. This course investigates cases of regime change in Latin America, Eastern and Central Europe, and Southern Africa in order to understand the effects of democratization on women's political status. Students study transitions, state–civil society relations, and their impact on gender relations. Recommended background: Political Science 118, 120, 155, 161, or Women's Studies 100. Open to first-year students. L. Hill. 247. Regional Politics in Southern Africa: Transition and Transformation. Two questions inform this study of post-World War II politics in Southern Africa: What are the dimensions of internal political transformation? How do they affect interstate political and economic relations in the region? Using a framework that explores political change, this course examines political, economic, and social features of anti-colonial and liberation struggles, civil and regional wars, and anti-apartheid resistance to discover the enduring factors underlying new state formation, regional political economy, and interstate relations. Close scrutiny of political change in South Africa and its impact on development in the region is a substantial focus of the course. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 40. L. Hill. 248. Politics of the Middle East. An examination of the forces shaping Middle East politics centering on the dynamics of political change and the politics of identity and legitimacy. After exploring the historical background, Islam and Islamic culture, and the colonial experience, students study case examples, including Lebanon, the Iranian revolution, the Palestinian question, and the Persian Gulf crisis, to develop an understanding of both formal, state-level politics and the crucial politics of informal groups and the household. Considerable attention is focused on the dislocations and opportunities produced by the interplay between tradition and modernity. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 40. A. MacLeod. 249. Politics of Latin America. This course introduces some key issues in current Latin American politics: economic development and social inequality, international debt, the breakdown of democracies, as well as transitions from authoritarian rule, revolutions, and the role of working-class, women's, peasant, and ethnic movements. Students critically review several theoretical approaches to study Latin America in order to understand how history, economics, culture, politics, and society shape the complex realities of the continent today. Recommended background: Political Science 120, 168, or 171. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 40. K. Asher. 258. Environmental Diplomacy. Environmental hazards rarely recognize state boundaries; people acting to eliminate these hazards often cannot avoid them. Through a series of case studies, this course examines the obstacles to international cooperation on theenvironment and the strategies people use to overcome them. Case studies include the politics surrounding the depletion of the ozone layer, the depletion of international fisheries, deforestation, and urbanization. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 40. J. Richter. 276. American Foreign Policy. A study of the problems and processes of American foreign policy. This course considers the historical and institutional setting for this policy, then examines the challenges facing U.S. foreign policy in the contemporary world. Special attention is given to the conflict between an effective foreign policy and American democracy. Enrollment limited to 30 per section. J. Richter. 289. Hate, the State, and Representation. This course examines the representational strategies that the state employs to establish and maintain a stable identity among its constituencies by identifying and disciplining "deviance." Possible topics include: body politics in the French Revolution; race and role models in contemporary culture; nationalism and sexuality in Western Europe; citizenship, "rootlessness," and the Roma (Gypsies) in Eastern Europe; and race, disease, and genocide in the Tuskegee syphilis experiment. This course is the same as Art 289. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 54. Not open to students who have received credit for Rhetoric 289. C. Nero, J. Richter, E. Rand. 290. Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa. The 1990s represented a period of great transformation in Africa, giving cause for both optimism and pessimism about the continentÕs political and economic future. While some states have realized unprecedented degrees of political stability, others have fragmented into civil chaos. Novel democratic experiments have persisted while authoritarian impulses remain entrenched. And despite the highest levels of poverty in the world, Africa as a whole has witnessed economic growth for the first time in two decades. This course exposes students to the diverse mosaic of political life in Africa and examines the factors that have shaped development and governance since the close of the colonial area. Attention is given to AfricaÕs historical experiences, economic heritage, and the international context in which it is embedded. Students also explore the unfolding patterns of change witnessed at the close of the twentieth century and the way that Africans continue to shape their own political and economic situations. Recommended background: Political Science 115, 122, or 161. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 40. P. VonDoepp. 294. Political Thought in the United States. Debates about liberalism shape political discourse in the United States. Liberalism, in theory, offers great promise if one subscribes to individualism. In practice, however, liberalism leaves much to be desired, especially as liberalism contributes to social stratification. Covering thinkers from the seventeenth century to the present, this course considers competing views of liberalism in the United States and especially explores the thinking of those who challenge the dominant liberal paradigm based on liberalism's inability to deal with difference and the resulting social stratification. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 40. J. McClendon. 295. Reading Marx, Rethinking Marxisms. Students practice different ways of reading and rethinking the work of Karl Marx. The first part of the course permits unrushed, close reading and discussion of Marx's most well-known texts. The second part emphasizes recent efforts by critical theorists to revise the original doctrine without abandoning radical politics. Topics for reading and discussion include various Marxist feminisms, Marxist literary theory, and other Marxist interventions against capitalism. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 40. W. Corlett. 296. Contract and Community. Western political thought frequently explores relationships — including contracts and community — between individuals and the state, but the terms of this discourse are hotly contested. Why do "contracts" so often seem to ignore the unequal power of the parties involved? Must terms like "community" erase the politics of human difference? How do categories such as "individual" and "state" restrict even the politics of privileged men as well as neglect considerations of women, race, and class? Students read and discuss a variety of texts, including Hobbes, Rousseau, and contemporary theorists. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 40. W. Corlett. 297. The Household and Political Theory. Western political theories often acknowledge, either implicitly or explicitly, the importance of domestic considerations — such as child-bearing, sexual relations, and issues of home economics — but rarely appreciate their political significance. And sometimes theorists who acknowledge that the personal is political miss the significance of the so-called racial classification or class position of the domestic situations they study. Drawing from Western and non-Western feminist, socialist, and other sources, this course stresses close reading of theories that highlight the politics of domestic life. Because many of these arguments involve criticism of Western political thought, students also study how various Western classics (for example, Plato, Aristotle, Rousseau, or Hegel) situate domesticity. Recommended background: Political Science 191. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 40. W. Corlett. 298. Sexuality and the Politics of Difference. Picture females and males learning how to be women and men by distancing themselves from each other's prescribed gender roles. What's missing in this picture? Identity politics often gives the impression that patterns of self and other are fixed in nature, culture, or both. The politics of difference marks a refusal to reduce lifeÕs ambiguities to orderly patterns. Various gay and lesbian constructions of sexuality provide suggestive terrain for exploring how theories of difference undermine fixed patterns of sexuality. Students read, discuss, and write about recent work in political theory within a context of difference influenced in part by Foucault, Lacan, and Derrida. Recommended background: Political Science 191. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 40. W. Corlett. 310. Public Opinion. An analysis of controversies concerning the formation, nature, and role of public opinion in American politics. The course examines attitudes on selected current issues among persons with a variety of social and economic backgrounds. Students learn the methodology of sample surveys (polls), appropriate statistics, and the use of computers to analyze data. No previous knowledge of statistics or computing is assumed. Prerequisite(s): Political Science 115 or 211. Enrollment limited to 16. D. Hodgkin. 322. American Legislative Behavior. Analysis of the behavior of American legislators, including such topics as constituency relations, norms and roles, committee decision-making, leadership strategies, determinants of roll-call voting, and patterns of legislative policy-making. Students learn appropriate statistics and how to use the computer to analyze roll-call votes or other behavior. No previous knowledge of statistics or computing is assumed. Prerequisite(s): one of the following: Political Science 115, 211, or 217. Enrollment limited to 16. D. Hodgkin. 325. Constitutional Rights and Social Change. An exploration of relationships between constitutional rights and movements for social change. Rights are examined as legal declarations that empower the oppressed, as ideological constructions that reinforce privilege, and as resources of unknown value that may be employed in political struggle. The utility of rights is examined in the civil rights and women's rights movements. Prerequisite(s): one of the following: Political Science 118, 227, 228, or 329. Enrollment limited to 15. M. Kessler. 327. Religion and Politics. Once considered an archaic force destined to wither away as nations underwent economic development, religion has instead demonstrated impressive staying power as a factor in contemporary political life. This seminar introduces the major political theories on religion and applies them to understanding the interaction between religion and political life. Students examine issues such as the political activities of religious organizations, the influence of religious values on political citizenship and behavior, and the impact of religion on collective organization and contentious social movements. Materials and discussions draw on research conducted in the United States, Latin America, and Africa. Students are also encouraged to incorporate their own specific area interests through independent assignments. Recommended background: Political Science 155, 122, or 161. Enrollment limited to 15. P. VonDoepp. 328. Representation in Theory and Practice. Are citizens in a representative democracy more like stage directors or probation officers? This course is an analysis of the purpose and limits of political representation. Topics include the role of formal representation in democratic government, how citizens hold governments accountable and the responsiveness of political leaders, representation of and by women and minorities, and alternative mechanisms for ensuring accountability. Students consider historical and contemporary sources on the United States, Europe and Latin America. Recommended background: one of the following: Political Science 115, 122, 211, 230, or 249. Enrollment is limited to 15. J. Baughman. 329. Law and Gender. An analysis of legal constructions of gender and women's rights in legal documents, legal processes, and judicial decisions. Among the theoretical issues addressed are debates over conventional equality approaches in legal doctrine, equality versus difference perspectives, ways in which legal language constructs gender, the incorporation of gender in ideologies of law, and the intersection of gender and race in legal doctrine and theory. Prerequisite(s): one of the following: Political Science 118, 227, 228, or 325. Enrollment limited to 15. M. Kessler. 339. Africana Thought and Practice. This seminar course examines in depth the Pan-American scope of Black thought. Students study the various philosophical problems and the theoretical issues and practical solutions offered by such scholar/activists as W.E.B. Du Bois, Marcus Gaavey, Kwame Nkrumah, Claudia Jones, C.L.R. James, Leopold Senghor, Amilcar Cabrah, Charlotta Bass, Lucy Parsons, Walter Rodney and Frenz Fanon. Recommended background: a course on the Africana world, or a course in philosophy or political theory. Enrollment is limited to 15. Open to first-year students. This course is the same as American Cultural Studies 339. J. McClendon. 345. NGOs and World Politics. The phenomenal growth of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in recent decades has made them increasingly influential actors in international politics. This course examines NGO strategies in human rights (including the rights of women) and environmental policy, and critically evaluates their role in global affairs. What is the relation between international NGOs, their donors, and their constituents? What happens when relatively rich international NGOs interact with relatively poor indigenous organizations and populations? Has growing NGO activity caused changes in current understandings of state sovereignty? Prerequisite(s): one of the following: Political Science 161, 171, 234, 236, 245, or 278. Enrollment limited to 15. J. Richter. 346. Power and Protest. The role of subordinates in power relations ranges from resigned acceptance of exploitation to active revolution. This course examines the nature of power; the focus is a comparative study of the parts played by subordinate groups in different power relationships and cultural contexts. Readings and discussion center on a combination of theoretical studies of power and case materials, primarily on peasants and women in the developing world. The goal is to understand the meaning of "resistance." Recommended background: one course in comparative politics or political theory. Enrollment limited to 15. A. MacLeod. 347. Gender and the State. Two key questions provide the focus in this course: How is gender related to definitions of citizenship, politics, and the state? What is the nature of women's political roles and activities in contemporary societies? Connections between gender and politics made by political theorists form the basis for examining women's relationship to states cross-nationally. The impact of gender in shaping women's and men's political status, roles, and behavior in political institutions and public policy is a focus of study. The course culminates in an examination of women's political activism directed toward redefining their roles in politics and controlling important aspects of their lives, thus articulating different visions of women's relationship to the state. Recommended background: one course in comparative politics, political theory, or women and politics. Enrollment limited to 15. L. Hill. 352. Women as Political Subjects. The ambiguity of women's agency within relations of power is the central theme of this seminar. How do women construct identity in the face of domination? How can women speak with an authentic voice? How can alternatives be created, and what is women's part in political transformations? Should feminist theory insist on retaining an idea of woman as subject at all? Using a diverse range of theoretical works and case studies, drawn from the Western political tradition, feminist theory, and the developing world, students consider the politics of constructing and expressing the self. Recommended background: one course in political theory or comparative politics. Enrollment limited to 15. A. MacLeod. 360. Independent Study. Guided reading, writing, and discussion on selected topics approved by the department. This does not satisfy the department's requirement of a 300-level course. Students are limited to one independent study per semester. Staff. 365. Special Topics. A course or seminar offered from time to time and reserved for a special topic selected by the department. A course satisfies the department's 300-level requirement only if specified in the individual course description. 365A. Race and Ethnicity in Latin America. In nineteenth-century Latin America, mestizaje (racial mixing) became the foundation for the construction of new, independent nations. This course examines how Latin American states used their indigenous and African American peoples to construct national histories and to distinguish themselves from their European counterparts. The course examines how class and racial/ethnic identity have intersected in contemporary Latin America. Specific attention is paid to African American and indigenous movements that have used race as a basis for political activity and collective action. How are these groups proposing to remake the nation and to renegotiate nationalism today? Recommended background: one course in comparative politics. Enrollment limited to 15. K. Asher. 383. Change in the International System. This course examines different theoretical approaches to international politics and their explanations for international change. Readings and discussion focus particularly on different and changing conceptions of state sovereignty in a world in which economic organization and political activism increasingly transcend state boundaries. Students are required to write a research paper applying these approaches to a case study of contemporary interest in international relations. Prerequisite(s): Political Science 171. Enrollment limited to 20. J. Richter. 393. Environmental Justice. A critical examination of environmental thought at the intersection of contemporary arguments on political rights, social equality, and economic development. When does public regulation of health in the workplace and community conflict with the property rights of private corporations? Where does environmental thought illuminate and where does it obfuscate local and global problems related to racism and sexism? How does contemporary thinking about environmental problems come to terms with uneven economic development at home and abroad? Students think critically about arguments concerning environmental racism, eco-feminism, sustainable development, deep ecology, green political activism, and other issues from a variety of political perspectives. Prerequisite(s): two courses in political science. Recommended background: Political Science 191. Enrollment limited to 15. W. Corlett. 394. Contemporary Liberalism and Democratic Action. Twentieth-century Western liberalism has faced new challenges of cultural pluralism: including people previously excluded on the grounds of race, gender, and sexuality; speaking to both sides of the widening gap between rich and poor nations; coming to terms with the rights of indigenous peoples; and reconciling capitalism and democracy. Do contemporary formulations of this diverse and venerable tradition show how to negotiate the contested terrain of twenty-first-century cultural politics? Or is Western liberalism necessarily an apologist for the exclusionary politics of a bygone era? Students read and criticize recent authors who discuss these questions against the backdrop of canonical texts. Prerequisite(s): one of the following: Political Science 191, 294, 296, 346, Philosophy 256, or 257. Enrollment limited to 15. W. Corlett. 395. The Politics of Biodiversity Conservation. This reading-intensive seminar takes a critical look at discourses and practices of tropical biodiversity conservation. The course takes a "cultural studies approach" in exploring the connections between the scientific claims of conservation biology, discourses of tropical biodiversity as a global resource, and the environmental and development policies in Third World regions. Using specific examples of conservation and development projects in the neotropics, the course examines the strategic and material concerns of international, national, and local stakeholders. The broader goal of this interdisciplinary seminar is to add to the dialogue between the social and the natural sciences. Prerequisite(s): two of the following: Anthropology 228, 266, 252, 275, 339, Economics 101, 222, 336, Political Science 171, 191, 234, 236, 238, 249, 258, 295, 347, 371, 374 or Women's Studies 266. Recommended background: one course in the natural sciences. Enrollment limited to 15. K. Asher. 421. Congressional Internship. Part-time internships, primarily in local offices of members of the Maine delegation in the United States Congress. Reading and writing on Congressional staffs, constituencies, and relations with the bureaucracy. Prerequisite(s): Political Science 115 or 322. Enrollment is limited to available positions. Written permission of the instructor is required. J. Baughman. Notice for preregistration for fall 2001: Please submit a resume to Professor Baughman, 167 Pettengill Hall, by 4:00p.m., Friday, March 9th. Also, include a cover letter in which you a) indicate your cumulative average; b) list courses you have had in Political Science, Economics, and Sociology; and c) state other qualifications and reasons for seeking this position. 422. Social Justice Internships. Part-time internships in several community organizations that deal with problems of racism, heteronormativity, gender inequity, and economic distress. Students work on projects in policy areas such as health care, environmental justice, and HIV prevention. Reading and writing on community organizing, action research, and public policy. Prerequisite(s): one of the following: Political Science 191, 295, 298, or 393. Enrollment is limited to available positions. Open to first-year students. Written permission of the instructor is required. W. Corlett. Notice for preregistration for fall 2001: Please submit a resume to Professor Corlette, 176 Pettengill Hall, by 4:00p.m., Friday, March 9th. Also, include a cover letter in which you a) indicate your cumulative average; b) list courses you have had in Political Science, Economics, and Sociology; and c) state other qualifications and reasons for seeking this position. 457, 458. Senior Thesis. Discussion of methods of research and writing, oral reports, and regular individual consultation with instructors. Students undertake a one semester thesis by registering for Political Science 457 in the fall semester or Political Science 458 in the winter semester. Majors writing an honors thesis register for both Political Science 457 and 458. Prerequisite(s): one 300-level seminar in political science. Staff. Short Term Units s17. The Several Sides of the Cold War. This unit reexamines the history of the Cold War in light of new evidence from Soviet, Chinese, German, and other sources. In addition to secondary material, students examine archival documents and memoirs (in translation) pertaining to such events as the division of Germany, the Korean War, the Sino-Soviet conflict, the building of the Berlin Wall, and the Cuban Missile Crisis. The unit uses these cases to discuss crisis bargaining and conflict resolution, the sources of misperception in international politics, and the interaction between foreign and domestic policy. This unit is the same as History s17. Open to first-year students. J. Richter. s18. African American Culture through Sports. Sports in African American culture have served in a variety of ways to offer a means for social, economic, cultural, and even political advancement. This unit examines how sports have historically formed and contemporaneously shape the contours of African American culture. Particular attention is given to such questions as segregation, gender equity, cultural images, and the political effects for African American athletes and the black community. In addition to the required and recommended readings, lectures, and discussions, videos and films are central to the teaching and learning process. This unit is the same as American Cultural Studies s18. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 30. J. McClendon. s19. Guerillas, Guns, and Ganja: What We See, What We Don't, and Why. This unit focuses on one of two much maligned Latin American nations, Cuba and Colombia. What images and ideas come to our minds when we think about these two countries? Who "creates" these pictures and why? Students examine how representations of Cuba and Colombia in films, music, print and electronic media, as well as other sources, shape popular knowledge about, as well as U.S. foreign policy toward, these nations. Given that the United States continues its devastating blockade against Cuba and that Colombia now ranks third in the list of recipients of U.S. military aid, this "politics of representation" is of more than academic interest. Gathering and disseminating information about current issues of concern in these countries and connecting with local solidarity groups is an integral part of the unit. Enrollment limited to 20. Not open to students who have received credit for Political Science 161. K. Asher. s21. Internships in Community Service. Students gain exposure to daily living experiences different from their own through service internship placements in such settings as shelters for the homeless and for abused women, soup kitchens, and food banks. Participants meet with the instructor to explore relationships between academic writings related to the people the students serve and their own internship experiences and observations. Enrollment limited to 20. M. Kessler. s22. The Politics of Cultural Production: African Films and Filmmaking. As self-representation African films challenge the stereotypical images of the continent presented in Hollywood movies. They are part of the effort to create new images in the post-independence era, helping to forge national identities through a reinvention of a shared past. Using feature films produced by Africans for an African audience, this unit explores the challenges faced in contemporary African society, as seen through African eyes. Recommended background: one course in African studies and/or film studies. This unit is the same as Anthropology s22. Enrollment limited to 35. E. Eames, L. Hill. s24. Urban Political Change: Lewiston. An examination of the political and governmental development of American cities. Using Lewiston as a case study, students conduct research on such topics as changes in institutions; evolution of selected municipal services; class, gender, and ethnic backgrounds of office holders; patterns in election returns; and the roles of party machines, business, key politicians, and other participants in local politics. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 15. D. Hodgkin. s25. Labor, Class, Community Action. Students practice using class as an organizing principle in political theory. The unit emphasizes analysis and evaluation of arguments that relate class to problems of labor organization and community action. Readings include selections from the classics (such as Marx and Weber) as well as recent theoretical work that pays close attention to gender and race. Projects may focus on local community organization, the politics of labor in the United States, or international labor movements. Recommended background: Political Science 191. Enrollment limited to 20. W. Corlett. s29. Politics and the Essay. The essay is experiencing a renaissance, appropriated by a diverse range of writers for new purposes. In this unit, students examine the politics of the essay by studying the special qualities of this genre, and by reading a wide range of essays drawn from diverse historical periods and cultural locations. Students write and discuss a series of essays of their own. Special attention is paid to understanding the essay genre, constructions of self and other, and women writers and the essay. Students also examine political writing, situating the essay within other forms of political expression. Open to first-year students. Enrollment limited to 12. A. MacLeod. s30. "Scientific Knowledge," Culture, and Political Economy in Latin America. How does "scientific knowledge" -which purports to be "free" of the social underpinnings of "race" and gender-shape much of the discourse about knowledge production in the natural and social sciences? How is "scientific knowledge" deployed within "political economies" of development in Latin America? What are the implications of these scientific, cultural, and economic modes of production considering the power inequity between "global markets" and "regional" interests? These are the questions that shape the discussions in this interdisciplinary unit. Recommended background: one 200-level course in political science and women's studies. Open to first-year students. Enrollment is limited to 20. This course is the same as Women's Studies s30. K. Asher. s32. Global Flows: Sex, Politics, and War. Globalization processes underlie profound changes in politics from the state to "private" lives. This unit focuses on sex-as an aspect of international trade, war, and politics-to uncover how power is structured, used, and challenged in the global age. Sex trafficking, militarized prostitution, birth control, and human rights campaigns are some of the topics through which students examine flows of people, ideas, capital, and political strategies. In doing so, students ask: How do gender relations and gender ideology affect global restructuring? How does globalization shape notions of manhood, womanhood, and the ways people live out those ideas in sex lives, politics, and war? Recommended background: any of the following, Political Science 168, 171, 222, 232, 234, 235, 243, 245, 289, 329, 345, 346, 347, 352, 383, Women's Studies 234, or s25. Enrollment is limited to 20. This course is the same as Women's Studies s32. L. Hill. s36. Comparative Democratization. Since the mid- 1970s, the world has witnessed a dramatic increase in the number of countries experimenting with democratic rule. Some have been able to consolidate democratic changes. Others have struggled in this process, in some cases reverting to authoritarian forms of governance. This unit explores the complex issue of democratization in the late twentieth century. Students examine literature on various factors that shape processes of democratic transitions and consolidation. They then apply that knowledge to conduct informed case studies of democratization on countries of their choice. The goal is for students to not only expand their theoretical knowledge of democracy, but also refine their skills in political research and reporting. The unit emphasizes readings and discussions, independent student work, and interactive learning through the sharing of research findings. Recommended background: Political Science 116 or 122. Enrollment limited to 20. P. VonDoepp. s50. Individual Research. Registration in this unit is granted by the department only after the student has submitted a written proposal for a full-time research project to be completed during the Short Term and has secured the sponsorship of a member of the department to direct the study and evaluate results. Students are limited to one individual research unit. Staff.